Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي | |
---|---|
Historical: Far-left[3] | |
International affiliation | Axis of Resistance |
Colors | Black, red, white and green (pan-Arab colors) |
Slogan | "Unity, Freedom, Socialism"[4] |
People's Assembly of Syria | 167 / 250 |
Parliament of Lebanon | 1 / 128 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
baath-party.org |
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (
Leadership
Part of a series on |
Ba'athism |
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General Secretary
Hafez al-Assad became the secretary of the Syrian Regional Command of the party in 1970 and Secretary General of the National Command in late 1970.[5][6] Despite being deceased, Hafez al-Assad was the official Secretary General of the National Command. Bashar al-Assad became the Regional Secretary of the party in Syria after his father's death in 2000.[7][8]
Abdullah al-Ahmar served as the Assistant Secretary General of the National Command, a post he has held since 1971 until 2018.[8][9] In 2017, Bashar al-Assad was elected the General Secretary of the National Council.[10] Since 2018, Hilal Hilal has been an Assistant Secretary General of the Central Command.
- Nureddin al-Atassi (1966–1970)
- Hafez al-Assad (12 September 1971 – 10 June 2000)
- Abdullah al-Ahmar (ad interim 10 June 2000 – 14 May 2017)
- Bashar al-Assad (18 May 2017 – present)
National Council
At the 14th Conference of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 2017, the National Command, the party's leading organ since its inception, was abolished and replaced by the National Council. It was decided that the National Council would be composted of the regional secretaries of the regional branches of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[10]
National Congresses
Note: for the 1st–8th National Congresses, see the national congresses held by the unified, pre-1966 Ba'ath Party.
- 9th National Congress (25–29 September 1966)
- 9th Extraordinary National Congress (September 1967)
- 10th National Party Congress (October 1968)
- 10th Extraordinary National Congress (October–November 1970)
- 11th National Congress (August 1971)
- 12th National Congress (July 1975)
- 13th National Congress (27 July – 2 August 1980)
- 14th National Congress (15–21 May 2017)[11]
Organization
The 1963 National Congress of the Party in Damascus advocated a far-left posture; proclaiming the party as the vehicle for
In theory, the National Command of the party is the embryonic government for the entire Arab nation. The body comprises 21 members, half of whom are Syrian.[13] In practice, the Syrian Regional Command is the more powerful institution inside the party.[16] The Syrian Regional Command is the real political leadership in Syria; the power of the National Command has become more symbolic than real. A seat in National Command has become a sinecure, an honorary post given to Syrian politicians as they retire from active political life.[15][17] Hafez al-Assad rarely had time to attend National Command meetings. Instead, he appointed Vice President for Party Affairs Zuhayr Masharqa or Abd al-Halim Khaddam to represent him at National Command meetings.[17] In theory, the National Command could conduct proselytism and form new Regional Commands across the Arab world and support weaker Regional Commands, but Syrian policymakers have curtailed that capacity.[15]
Branches by region
Iraq
Iraqi branch | |
---|---|
Regional Secretary | Mouteb Shenan |
Founded | 1966 |
The party was sometimes known in Iraq as left-wing Ba'ath or Qutr Al-Iraq.[18][19] Prominent members of the party in Iraq include Mahmud al-Shaykh Radhi, Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi and Dr. Mahmud Shamsa.[20] The party opposed the rule of Saddam Hussein[21] and was one of the first groups to be targeted by him. The party lost hundreds of its cadres amid repression by his government.[22] Radhi was based in Syria during the 1970s.[23]
The party labelled the Saddam government as "fascist".[18] When the Iran–Iraq War broke out in 1980, the party took part in the formation of the Iraqi Patriotic and Democratic Front, together with the Iraqi Communist Party, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdish Socialist Party. The front vowed to overthrow Saddam.[24] (Syria supported Iran in the Iraq-Iran War.)
In the 1980s, the party began cooperating with the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq.[22] The party organized the first general conference of Iraqi opposition groups in Damascus in 1989. It also participated in a conference of Iraqi opposition groups in Beirut in 1991.[19] In 1999, Radhi was staying in the United Kingdom.[25] The party was one of three main groups (along with the Iraqi Communist Party and the Islamic Dawa Party) which formed the Coalition of Iraqi National Forces. The Coalition was opposed to Saddam Hussein as well as United States military intervention.[26] During the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the party publicly denounced U.S. involvement in the organization of Iraqi dissidents in exile.[27]
After the fall of Saddam's administration, confusion arose as to whether the de-Ba'athification law also applied to the party.[28] In 2008, Radhi requested that the party be allowed to function inside Iraq and join the process of reconciliation.[18] In response, the Iraqi government declared that they viewed Qotr al-Iraq as distinct from Saddam's Ba'ath because Qotr al-Iraq had participated in the opposition conferences during the Saddam years.[28] As of 2009[update], the Iraqi regional organization is still based in Syria.[29]
In 2018 Radhi, based in London, visited Baghdad and met President Fuad Masum during reconciliation talks.[30]
Jordan
The Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party was legally registered for the first time in 1993. The branch is small, and has, according to a leaked diplomatic cable, a "minuscule number of adherents". Despite its small size, the branch is able through its leader, Fuad Dabbour, to get a decent footprint in Jordanian media. Dabbour's fiery statements on foreign policy are frequently quoted by the press.[citation needed] The party is less known than its pro-Iraqi counterpart, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[31] It is the party branch of the Syrian-dominated Ba'ath Party in Jordan.[32] Fuad Dabbour is the branch's Regional Secretary.[33] It is believed that the party has fewer than 200 members.[34]
- Regional Secretaries
- Mahmood Ma'ayteh
- Fuad Dabbour
Lebanon
The Lebanese branch was established in 1966, the year of the Ba'ath Party split. During the Lebanese Civil War, the party had an armed militia called the Assad Battalion.[35] The party joined forces with Kamal Jumblatt's Progressive Socialist Party in organizing the National Democratic Movement, seeking to abolish the confessional state.[36] The National Democratic Movement was superseded by the National Democratic Front, in which the party participated.[37] The party organized resistance against Israeli forces in Lebanon.[38] In July 1987, it took part in forming the Unification and Liberation Front.[39]
In the 2009 parliamentary election, the party won two seats as part of the March 8 Alliance. The parliamentarians of the party are Assem Qanso and Qassem Hashem.[40] Wael Nader al-Halqi, the Prime Minister of Syria, praised the Lebanon Regional Branch leadership, stating that they supported the Syrian leadership and stayed loyal to the Assads despite the Syrian occupation of Lebanon and in times of conspiracies and attacks.[41] Since 2018, party is along the Amal Movement part of Development and Liberation parliamentary bloc. As of 2023, the leader of the party is Ali Hijazi. In the 2022 parliamentary election, the party won one seat.[42]
Mauritania
A secret Syrian branch was established in Mauritania in 1981.[43] The party was founded on 20 September 1994 by a mixture of Arab nationalists and members of a secret Ba'ath party association in Mauritania. The party won a seat in the 19 November and 3 December 2006 elections. In the 2013 election, the party lost its seat. In the most recent elections in 2018, the party received only 0.31% of the vote.[44]
As of 2013, the party is led by Mahfouz Weld al-Azizi.
Palestine
Palestinian Samir al-Attari was a member of the National Command in the 1970s.
- As-Sa'iqa leaders
- Zuheir Mohsen (1971–1979; he was also a member of the National Command)[49]
- Isam al-Qadi (1979–2006)
- Farhan Abu Al-Hayja (2007–2018)
- Mohammed Qeis (2018–present)
- Regional Secretaries
- Farhan Abulhaija (?–?)[50]
Sudan
During the 1980s, the party was called Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan (differentiating it from the pro-Iraqi party, called Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Country of Sudan). The party participated in the 1986 election as part of the Progressive National Front.[51]
The party held its third regional congress in
It was reported in 2010 that Ahmad Alahmad, the Secretary General of the Arab Socialist Movement, was a member of the Sudanese regional leadership.[54]
- Regional Secretaries
- Altijani Mustafa Yassin[55]
Syria
The party slogan "Unity, Freedom, Socialism" was enshrined in the Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic.[17] The eighth article of the Constitution stipulated that "[t]he leading party in the society and the state is the ... Ba'ath Party. It leads the National Progressive Front seeking to unify the resources of the masses of the people and place them at the service of the goals of the Arab nation".[7] The Constitution was adopted in 1973.[56] As per the Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic, it is the Regional Command of the party that nominates the candidate for president of the republic.[5][57] The Constitution does not explicitly say that the president has to be the leader of the party, but the National Progressive Front (NPF) charter states that president of the Syrian Arab Republic and the secretary of the party is also the president of the NPF.[5]
The party has dominated the Syrian parliament since 1963.[7] The party leads the National Progressive Front and in all elections conducted under this constitution has obtained the majority of the 167 parliamentary seats reserved for the Front.[57] In the 2003 parliamentary election, the party secured 135 of the seats.[7] As of the mid-2000s, the party membership in Syria was estimated at 800,000. Key party organs in Syria are Al-Ba'ath and Al-Thawra.[7] Due to the party's focus on intellectuals and affluent elites, it failed to gain support from the economically weaker sections such as the urban workers and rural farmers. As a result, its support base was vastly limited to affluent merchant classes of Damascus and the Alawite clans in the North-Western coast.[58]
The Syrian Regional Command has 21 members.[15] As of 1987, the Syrian Regional Command comprised the three vice presidents of the Syrian Arab Republic, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, the parliamentary speaker, the Aleppo and Hama party secretaries as well as the heads of the party bureaus for trade unions, economy and higher education.[15]
The seventh Syrian regional party congress was held in January 1980. The congress created a new institution, the Central Committee, to act as an intermediary body between the Regional Command and local branches. The Central Committee had 75 members. The eighth regional congress decided to expand the Central Committee to 95 members. The Central Committee was charged with electing the Regional Command, which previously had been done by the regional congress delegates. The Central Committee represents the regional congress when the congress is not in session.[15]
The party has 19 branches in Syria: one in each of the thirteen provinces: one in Damascus, one in Aleppo and one at each of the four universities.[15] In most cases, the governor of a province, police chief, mayor and other local dignitaries make up the Branch Command, but the Branch Command Secretary and other executive positions are filled by party whole-timers.[clarification needed][15]
The Syrian regional party congress is held every four years. While it is a strictly orchestrated affair, the regional congress has been a venue for actual debates on current affairs. Criticism against corruption and economic stagnation were expressed at the 1985 regional congress, albeit candidly. This congress was attended by 771 branch delegates.[59]
The party has a parallel structure within the Syrian armed forces. The military and civilian sectors only meet at the regional level, as the military sector is represented in the Regional Command and sends delegates to regional congresses. The military sector is divided into branches, operating at the battalion level. The head of a military party branch is called a tawjihi ("guide").[15]
The party has an Inspection and Control Committee, instituted in 1980.[59] The Party Security Law was passed in 1979, criminalizing "deviations" inside the party and attacks on the party.[59]
The party has three bureaus for coordinating work in mass organizations: the Popular Organizations Bureau (coordinating the People's Army militia, the Revolutionary Youth Union, Students Union and the General Union of Syrian Women); the Workers Bureau (coordinating the General Federation of Trade Unions); and the Peasants Bureau (coordinating the Peasants Federation).[60] Children joined the Vanguards, an organization for grade-school boys and girls. Vanguards attended paramilitary summer camps operated by the armed forces. In the mid-1970s, the party ran a mass campaign for the mobilization of peasants into the Peasants Federation.[61]
The party has its own system of political education, including the Higher Political Institute (a graduate school of the
Abdul Halim Khaddam resigned as National Command and Central Committee member in mid-2005.[62]
Tunisia
There is no formal structure linked to the Damascus-based Ba'ath Party. Most Ba'athists in Tunisia support the Iraqi faction as members of the Ba'ath Movement or the more leftist and radical the Party of the Arab and Democratic Vanguard. Only a small number of militants headed by Mohamed Salah Hermassi (a member of the Damascus-based National Command) are historically linked to Damascus.[63]
Yemen
Ba'athism in Yemen originated in the 1950s. The party worked underground until 1990. It obtained official registration as the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region on December 31, 1995 (while the other group had to register as the National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party).[clarification needed] The regional secretary of the party in Yemen is Mohammed Al-Zubairy.[64] The party ran in the 1993 parliamentary election, winning seven seats. In the 1997 and 2003 parliamentary elections, the party won two seats. In 2003, the party got 0.66% of the national vote. The party supported Ali Abdullah Saleh in the 1999 presidential election.[65]
Abdullah al-Ahmar led a central party delegation to the 4th Regional Congress of the Yemenite Ba'ath in 2006.[66]
In December 2008, the party and the National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party agreed to coordinate their political activities.[29]
In November 2010, one of the key leaders of the party in Yemen, Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab, died. He had been assistant secretary of the Regional Command and a Member of Parliament since 1993.[67][68]
In March 2013, Linda Mohammed, the head of the region's Women section, left the party in protest at the Yemenite leadership's continued support for Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian Ba'ath.[64]
- Regional Secretaries
- Unknown
- Mahmoud Abdul-Wahab Abdul-Hamid (?–?)[69]
- Mohammed Al-Zubairy (?–present)
- Assistant Regional Secretaries
References
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yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Cavoški, Jovan (2022). Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5.
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The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.
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The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between 'moderates' and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.
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influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963
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External links
- Syrian wing of the Ba'th Party Archived 2020-12-22 at the Wayback Machine