Bačka

Coordinates: 46°00′N 19°20′E / 46.000°N 19.333°E / 46.000; 19.333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the geographical region in Serbia and Hungary. For other uses, see Bačka (disambiguation).

Bačka
Bácska, Бачка
UTC+2 (CEST
)

Bačka (

Bács-Kiskun
County in Hungary.

Name

According to Serbian historians, Bačka is a typical Slavic[1] name form, created from "Bač" (name of historical town in Bačka) and suffix "ka" (which designates "the land that belongs to Bač").

The name of "Bač" (Bács) town is of uncertain origin and its existence was recorded among Vlachs, Slavs and Hungarians in the Middle Ages. The origin of the name could be Paleo-Balkanic,[2] Romanian[citation needed], Slavic,[3] or Old Turkic.[4]

According to Hungarian historians, the denominator of the landscape may have been the first bailiff of Bač (Bács) castle, and the name which can be rendered probably Old Turkic baya derives from a dignity name.[5][6]

In the 17th and 18th century, due to the large number of

Alföld.[9]

History

Through history, Bačka has been a part of

Baranya-Baja Republic
(in 1921) and part of independent Hungary since 1921.

"Red-headed goddess" - statuette from the early Neolithic period (archaeological site Donja Branjevina, Odžaci, Vojvodina, Serbia)

People have inhabited the region of Bačka since Neolithic times. Indo-European peoples settled in this region in three migration waves dated in 4200 BC, 3300 BC, and 2800 BC respectively. The earliest historical inhabitants of the region were probably Illyrian tribes. Later, other Indo-European peoples, including Dacians, Celts, Sarmatians (Iazyges) and Gepids were recorded as inhabitants of Bačka.

Middle Ages

Slavs[10][11][12] settled today's Bačka in the 6th and 7th centuries, before part of them subsequently migrated to the Balkans. In the 9th century the territory of Bačka was part of Bulgarian Empire. Salan, a Bulgarian voivod (duke), was a ruler in this territory and his capital city was Titel. In the early 10th century, Hungarians defeated Salan, and his duchy came under Hungarian rule.[citation needed
]

Coat of arms of Bács-Bodrog County
Kingdom of Hungary in 1490. Bács County - marked 31, Bodrog County - 32, Csongrád County - 23.

At the turn of the first millennium, during the administration of the medieval

Gutkeled genus,[16][17] but there is a possibility that he was a fictitious person.[17] In 1169, canons from the knighthood Order of the Holy Sepulchre built a small church in Bács in the Romanesque style. They used some building materials from much older previous edifices. Franciscans took over the church in 1300. In the second half of the 14th century, the Franciscans expanded it, forming a monastery. Today the Fanciscian monastery of Bács is the oldest church building in present-day Vojvodina. In the early 13th century Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa, founded a hospital in Bács, as the first such facility in this part of Europe. Pope Gregory IX wrote about the "Bačka hospital" in 1234, as being open for the sick and poor. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the town of Bács prospered during the rule of king Charles Robert I, who started building the modern fortress in 1338–42 at the site of the earlier hillfort
. From the 15th century, it became the most important Hungarian defense point against the invading Ottoman forces.

Early modern period

In 1526 the Kingdom of Hungary was defeated in the

Emperor Jovan Nenad (previously the stableman of the king John Zápolya) and his capital city was Subotica
. After Jovan Nenad was defeated and killed, his state collapsed and Bačka, for a short time, came again under Hungarian administration. Soon, the region became part of the Ottoman Empire.

After the Ottoman conquest, most of the previously decisive Hungarian majority population have fled (in the 16th–17th centuries). The relatively dense populated and prosperous southern counties of the Kingdom were devastated and became mostly abandoned and depopulated. During the Ottoman period, and later in the 17th and 18th century begun the intense settlement of the Serbs and other South Slavs from the Ottoman ruled central Balkans. They were military engaged in the borderlands by both sides. This resulted in radical changes of the population structure. Hungarian, Serb and Bunjevci peasants, and Serb and Vlach peasant soldiers lived (in ever-decreasing number) in the area, who had an impact on the landscape with their farming. In the Ottoman towns there was a Muslim population, and outside the city wall there were communities of various Christian denominations and occupations. Bačka was part of the Sanjak of Segedin (Szeged), the region was sparsely populated with Serbs (who were in an absolute majority[20]) and Muslims.

Battle of Zenta

During the

Bács-Bodrog County was established in the western parts of the region and it was re-integrated into the county system of the Kingdom of Hungary, while some other (mostly eastern) parts of the Bačka were incorporated into the Tisza-Maros section of Habsburg Military Frontier, which was directly administered by the Imperial Habsburg court in Vienna. There were significant differences in the status of the inhabitants of the feudal county and the privileged newcome settlers of the Military Frontier, who composed mostly of ethnic Serbs. The Grenz infantry of the Military Frontier was primarily formed to defend Austria against the Ottoman Turks, but impliedly it was intended to offset and control the Hungarian population. This position was several times used by the Habsburg rulers as a political and tactical instrument in the following centuries.[21]

In the Rákóczi's War of Independence heavy fightings took place also in Bačka. In 1704 Francis II Rákóczi led a victorious campaign in this parts. The Serbs fought on the Emperor's side since the beginning of the war. They were used as the light cavalry in the Austrian army and as tax collectors. During the eight years of war Hungarian villages and towns of the Great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubia were burnt and robbed by the Serbs, while in Bácska Serb villages were burnt. However, there were some Serbs who fought on Rakóczi's side against the Habsburgs – the Frontiersmen of Semlak. The leader of the Kuruc Serb troops was Frontier Captain Obrad Lalić from Senta. Later, some parts of the Military Frontier were abolished in 1751, these parts of Bačka were also included into Bács-Bodrog County. The only part of Bačka which remained within the Military Frontier was Šajkaška, but it also came under civil administration in 1873.

According to the Austrian censuses from 1715 to 1720,

Lutheran Slovaks, Rusyns, and others were also colonized but to a much smaller extent.[citation needed
]

There was also an emigration of Serbs from the eastern parts of the region, which belonged to Military Frontier until 1751. After the abolition of the Tisa-Mureş section of Military Frontier, many Serbs emigrated from north-eastern parts of Bačka. They moved either to Russia (notably to New Serbia and Slavo-Serbia) or to Banat, where the Military Frontier was still needed.[citation needed]

  • Ancient Indo-European peoples in Bačka
    Ancient Indo-European peoples in Bačka
  • Slavs in Bačka in the 6th century
    Slavs in Bačka in the 6th century
  • Voivodeship (Duchy) of Bulgarian duke Salan, 9th century
    Voivodeship (Duchy) of Bulgarian duke Salan, 9th century
  • Bach and Bodrogh counties in the 14th century
    Bach and Bodrogh counties in the 14th century
  • Serbian empire of Jovan Nenad, 1526–1527
    Serbian empire of Jovan Nenad, 1526–1527
  • Bačka as part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Segedin in 1568–1571
    Bačka as part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Segedin in 1568–1571
  • Military Frontier in Bačka in 1699
    Military Frontier in Bačka in 1699

19th century

In 1848 and 1849, in the course of the

Hungarian Revolutionary Army. The fightings were characterized by largely ethnically motivated, bloody atrocities on the civilians, mostly executed by the irregular Serb forces.[24] One of the most illustrative events was the "Bloody Candlemas" of 1849 in Senta (Hungarian: véres gyertyaszentelő). On 2 February the Serb forces overrun and conquered the city, resulting mass looting, arson and massacre of the Hungarian inhabitants. In the following weeks of the occupation 2000-2800 civilians were killed partially with the assistance of the local Serbs.[25][26]
As the result of the uprising Bačka was proclaimed as part of the
Bács-Bodrog County was again formed in the territory of Bačka. The county was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, which became one of two constitutient parts of Austria-Hungary in 1867. According to the 1910 census, the population of Bačka numbered 704,563 people and was composed of: 43.2% speakers of Hungarian (310,490), 28.1% speakers of South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian) language and 22.5% speakers of German. Linguistic composition of the region is partially different from ethnic composition since some ethnic Jews and bilingual South Slavs were in this census recorded as speakers of Hungarian language.[27][28]

20th century

In early September 1914, several years before the end of the Austria-Hungary, in a town in the West Vojvodina Bačka region known as Zombor or Sombor of some 30,000 people, including 12,000 Serb-speakers, popular demonstrations demanded the removal of all shop signs in the Cyrillic alphabet. When an angry mob chased one Serb-speaking shopkeeper to his home for refusing to remove his Cyrillic sign, he responded by shooting at the demonstrators. The local military commander demanded the shopkeeper's immediate extradition, court martialed him and executed him on the spot. The court martial also designated twelve more affluent hostages from among the Serb-speaking population who would be "arrested and immediately executed by the military authorities" in the case of any obstruction or opposition shown by the local [Serb-speaking] population to the military authorities." This would presage the Serb genocide committed in the Independent State of Croatia during most of the Second World War.[29]

At the end of October 1918, Austria-Hungary gradually dissolved and, with the

Rusyn, 6 Germans, 3 Šokci, 2 Croats and 1 Hungarian, despite the fact that the absolute majority of the population of these regions was Hungarian and German. New administrative bodies of Banat, Bačka and Baranja (government and parliament) were also formed. Although, government in Belgrade accepted decision of unification with Serbia, it never recognized new provincial government. The provincial administration, however, was active until 12 March 1919, when it held its last session.[30]

On 1 December 1918, the Kingdom of Serbia united with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form new country named the

Bács-Kiskun county. The southern part of the region was within the District of Novi Sad of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes between 1918 and 1922, then was divided between Bačka Oblast and Belgrade Oblast, provinces (oblasts) of the kingdom, between 1922 and 1929. In 1929, it was incorporated into Danube Banovina, which was a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[citation needed
]

Between 1820 and 1910, Hungarian speaking population in Bačka increased from 121,688 (31.5%) to 363,518 (44.75%). In the same time, percentage of South Slavs decreased from 44% in 1820 to 27% in 1910. 1921 census showed about 40,000 Hungarian speakers less than in census of 1910. This was especially case in Subotica where 1910 census recorded 55.587 speakers of Hungarian and 33,247 speakers of Bunjevac, while census of 1921 recorded 60,700 speakers of Serbo-Croatian and 26,750 speakers of Hungarian. This is explained by the fact that ethnic Bunjevci from Subotica who had knowledge of Hungarian language were listed as speakers of Hungarian by 1910 census. Between 1921 and 1931 census, number of Hungarian speakers in Bačka increased from 260,998 to 268,711. Slavic population increased by 91,800 inhabitants.[citation needed]

In 1941, Yugoslav Bačka was occupied by the

Hungarian troops killed about 20,000 Serbs, Jews and Roma.[32]

The occupation ended in 1944 and Yugoslav Bačka became part of the new

killed several tens of thousands of inhabitants of German, Hungarian and Serb ethnic origin (in whole of Vojvodina). Estimates about numbers of victims of the Partisans (in whole of Vojvodina) are between 17,000[33] and 56,000[34] killed Germans, between 4,000[32] and 40,000 Hungarians killed, and about 23,000–24,000 Serbs killed.[33]

Together with eastern

Republic of Serbia
.

The Little Bačka Canal, part of the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal system, near the village of Rumenka in the South Bačka District

Geography

Bačka is a flat, fertile agricultural area within the larger

Badinter Commission; the disputed areas have been under de facto Serbian control since 1991.[citation needed
]

Most of the territory and a vast majority of the population of Bačka is part of Serbia's Autonomous Province of

Bács-Kiskun County is, by the same sources, described as Northern Bačka (Hungarian: Észak-Bácska; Serbian
: Северна Бачка / Severna Bačka).

Serbian Bačka

Bačka region within Vojvodina
Districts in Vojvodina
Map showing cities and towns in Serbian part of Bačka.

The

districts of Serbia
in Bačka are:

  • West Bačka
  • North Bačka
  • South Bačka

Note that municipalities of Sremski Karlovci, Petrovaradin, and Beočin and southern part of municipality of Bačka Palanka that belong to South Bačka District are geographically not located in Bačka, but in Syrmia, while municipalities of Ada, Senta and Kanjiža which are geographically located in Bačka are part of North Banat District.

Geographic or traditional subregions or regions overlapping with Serbian Bačka include

Telečka and Paorija
.

Cities, towns and villages in the Serbian part of Bačka with more than 10,000 inhabitants (with population numbers from 2011 census):

Towns and villages in the Serbian part of Bačka with population between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants (with population numbers from 2011 census):

Note: Senta, Kanjiža, Ada, Mol and Horgoš are geographically located in Bačka, but they are part of the North Banat District.

Also see:

List of inhabited places of Vojvodina

Hungarian Bácska

Bács-Kiskun County within Hungary

The Hungarian Bácska is mostly located in the

Baranya county
.

Subregions in the Hungarian Bácska include (with population numbers):

Note that parts of Hungarian Bácska also belong to the subregions of Kiskunhalasi and Mohácsi, although the main parts of those subregions are not located in Bácska.

Most important towns in Hungarian Bácska (with population numbers):

Demographics

Ethnic map of Serbian Bačka (2002 census)
Main article: Demographic history of Bačka

Serbia

According to the 2022 Serbian census, the population of the Serbian part of Bačka (in geographical borders) numbers 924,879 people and is composed of:[35]

Hungary

According to the 2001 census in Hungary, the rough population of the Hungarian Bácska (including districts of Bajai, Bácsalmási, and Jánoshalmai) numbering 113,432 people. [2] Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Note that administrative borders of the districts do not fully correspond with the geographical borders of Hungarian Bácska. Most of the inhabitants of Hungarian Bácska are ethnic Hungarians. [3]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 1, Novi Sad, 1990, page 40.
  2. ^ Milica Grković, Rečnik imena Banjskog, Dečanskog i Prizrenskog vlastelinstva u XIV veku, Beograd, 1986
  3. ^ Dr. Aleksa Ivić, Istorija Srba u Vojvodini, Novi Sad, 1929
  4. ^ A Pallas Nagy Lexikona Archived 11 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, pallaslexikon.hu; accessed 20 August 2016.(in Hungarian)
  5. ^ Lajos Kiss, Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (Etimology Dictionary of Geographical Names), Akadémiai Kiadó, 1978, p. 71
  6. ^ Bálint Ila, József Kovacsics, Veszprém megye helytörténeti lexikona (Cyclopaedia of Local History of Veszprém county), Volume 2, Volume 2, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988, p. 169
  7. ^ "U XVII i XVIII veku u Bačkoj je već toliko Srba da putnici ovaj kraj nazivaju »Raczorszag«"
  8. ^ "Google Translate".
  9. ^ Bojan Aleksov, Religious Dissent Between the Modern and the National: Nazarenes in Hungary and Serbia 1850–1914, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006, p. 56
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "A Pallas nagy lexikona".
  14. ^ Stevan Pavlović (1870). Srbski narodni sabor u Sremskim Karlovcima godine 1869. U Platonovoj štampariji. p. 2.
  15. ^ Dr Milenko Palić, Srbi u Mađarskoj – Ugarskoj do 1918, Novi Sad, 1995, page 10.
  16. ISBN 978-963-8320-32-2
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 9789630112765
    .
  18. ^ "A szultán visszavonulása. | Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai | Kézikönyvtár".
  19. ^ Veselin P. Dželetović, Poslednji srpski car – Jovan Nenad, Beograd, 2007.
  20. ISBN 978-1-931313-75-9
    .
  21. ^ ""Istennel a hazáért és a szabadságért" - Újra belovagolt a Bácskába II. Rákóczi Ferenc | Délhír Portál". 27 October 2019.
  22. ^ a b "An International Symposium "Southeastern Europe 1918-1995"". Archived from the original on 11 April 2000. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  23. ^
    ISBN 978-1-931313-75-9
    .
  24. ^ "Etnikai konfliktusok és a magyar-szerb háború 1848-1849-ben".
  25. ^ "A "nagy szaladás"".
  26. ^ "A zentai véres gyertyaszentelő". 31 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Magyarország népessége".
  28. ^ "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
  29. ISBN 978-0-67404-776-1
    /LOC 2015036845.
  30. ^ Dr Drago Njegovan, Prisajedinjenje Vojvodine Srbiji, Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2004.
  31. ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 [1][permanent dead link]
  32. ^ a b Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, page 183.
  33. ^ a b "[sim] Srbe podjednako ubijali okupator i i "oslobodioci"".
  34. ^ Nenad Stefanović, Jedan Svet na Dunavu, Beograd, 2003, page 133.
  35. ISBN 86-84433-07-6

Bibliography

External links

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