Baal-zephon

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Mount Ṣapōn
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An illustration of Baalzephon in the Infernal Dictionary by Collin de Plancy.

Baʽal Zephon (

Jupiter Casius
.

Because Baʿal Zaphon was considered a protector of maritime trade, sanctuaries were constructed in his honor around the

miraculously crossed the Red Sea during their exodus from Egypt
.

God

The name Baʿal Zaphon never appears in the mythological texts discovered at

colony at Tahpanes.[12]

A 14th-century letter from the king of Ugarit to the Egyptian pharaoh (

Spain, with the last mention occurring on Rome's German border in the 3rd century.[12]

Location

1st-millennium BC

Assyrian texts mention Baʿal Zaphon as the name of the mountain itself.[12] (Locally as well, the mountain was worshipped in its own right.)[9]

The books of

YHWH to camp across from a place named "Baʿal Zaphon" in order to appear trapped and thereby entice the Pharaoh to pursue them:[13][14][1][15][n 3]

Speak unto the

the Lord. And they did so.[17]

Cairo Museum lists four border fortresses, the third being "Midgol and Baʿal Zaphon". In context, it appears to have been located on a route to the Red Sea coast, perhaps on the canal from Pithom to a location near Arsinoe.[18] On the other hand, David A. Falk has pointed that Baal-zephon is mentioned in Papyrus Sallier IV as an ancient Egyptian place, which was probably located northeast of the Wadi Tumilat.[19]

According to Herodotus (who considered it to mark the boundary between Egypt and Syria), at Ras Kouroun, a small mountain near the marshy Lake Bardawil, the "Serbonian Bog" of Herodotus, where Zeus' ancient opponent Typhon was "said to be hidden".[20] Here, Greeks knew, Baal Sephon was worshipped.

Ba'al Zephon stele

This imported wholly Egyptian work featuring a Canaanite god is the only instance where he is depicted in both image and language, so it's a great starting point for identifying him in other places. Eythan Levy notes a parallel between Ba'al Zephon and the "Asiatic Seth." Seth's attributes are horns, an ankh in one hand, a was sceptre in the other, and a beard. He wears a conical hat resembling the white crown of Egypt with a long string ending in a tassel that looks like a lotus flower. Ba'al here seems to be depicted largely the same way.[21]

See also

  • Baʿal
  • Baʿal Hammon

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Zebʿoim.[6]
  2. ^ As, for example, by the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.[10]
  3. ^ Eissfeldt argued that the Biblical mention of Baʿal Zaphon actually referred to the god having originally received credit for the salvation of the Israelites,[16] but it is usually accepted as a placename.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Niehr (1999), p. 152.
  2. doi:10.5167/uzh-142977
    . Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  3. ^ Fox (2009), pp. 243–258.
  4. ^ Liverani (1998).
  5. ^ Albright (1943).
  6. ^ Vita (2005).
  7. ISBN 9781614512363
    .
  8. ISBN 9780567212313
    .
  9. ^ a b DDD, "Zaphon".
  10. ^ ISBE (1996), p. 381.
  11. ^ Dijkstra, Meindert (1993). "The weather-God on two mountains". Ugarit-Forschungen (23): 127–137.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Niehr (1999), p. 153.
  13. ^ Exod. 14:2–4.
  14. ^ Num. 33:7.
  15. ^ EDB (2000), p. 137.
  16. ^ Eissfeldt (1932).
  17. ^ Exod. 14:2–4 (KJV).
  18. ^ Gmirkin (2006), p. 233.
  19. ^ Falk, D. A. (2018). "What We Know about the Egyptian Places Mentioned in Exodus". TheTorah.com.
  20. ^ Lane Fox 2009:253-56.
  21. ^ Levy, Eythan (2018-01-01). "A Fresh Look at the Mekal Stele (Egypt and the Levant 28, 2018)". Egypt and the Levant. Retrieved 2024-02-18.

Bibliography

External links

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