Bab-el-Mandeb

Coordinates: 12°35′N 43°20′E / 12.583°N 43.333°E / 12.583; 43.333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Bab-el-Mandeb
topographical map (bottom).
LocationBetween Northeast Africa and West Asia
Coordinates12°35′N 43°20′E / 12.583°N 43.333°E / 12.583; 43.333
Basin countriesDjibouti, Eritrea and Yemen
Max. length31 mi (50 km)
Min. width16 mi (26 km)
Average depth609 ft (186 m)
IslandsSeven Brothers, Doumeira, Perim

The Bab-el-Mandeb (

Arabic: باب المندب, lit.'Gate of Lamentation',[1] Tigrinya: ባብ ኣል ማንዳብ), the Gate of Grief or the Gate of Tears,[2] is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and by extension the Indian Ocean
.

Name

Satellite photo of Bab-el-Mandeb (with labels)

The strait derives its name from the dangers attending its navigation or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by an earthquake that separated the Arabian Peninsula from the Horn of Africa.[3]

In "Bab-el-Mandeb", "Bab" means "gate" while "Mandeb" means "lamentation" or "grief".

Geography

Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb with Perim Island in the distance

The distance across is about 26 kilometres (14 nmi) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyyan in Djibouti. The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels, of which the eastern, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 5.37 kilometres (2.90 nmi) wide and 29 metres; 96 feet (16 fathoms) deep, while the western, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of 20.3 kilometres (11.0 nmi) and a depth of 310 metres; 1,020 feet (170 fathoms). Near the coast of Djibouti lies a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers". There is a surface current inwards in the eastern channel, but a strong undercurrent outwards in the western channel.[3]

Significance in the maritime trade route

The Bab-el-Mandeb acts as a strategic link between the

territorial sea of adjacent states, under the purview of the article 37 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the legal concept of transit passage applies to Bab el-Mandeb, although Eritrea (unlike the rest of coastal countries) is not a party to the convention.[5]

Chokepoints are narrow channels along widely used global sea routes that are critical to global energy security. The Bab el-Mandeb Strait is 26 kilometres (14 nautical miles) wide at its narrowest point, limiting tanker traffic to two 2-mile-wide channels for inbound and outbound shipments.[4][3]

Closure of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait could keep tankers originating in the Persian Gulf from transiting the Suez Canal or reaching the SUMED Pipeline, forcing them to divert around the southern tip of Africa, which would increase transit time and shipping costs.

In 2006, an estimated 3.3 million barrels (520,000 m3) of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about 43 million barrels per day (6,800,000 m3/d) moved by tankers.[6] This rose by 2014 to 5.1 million barrels per day (b/d) of crude oil, condensate and refined petroleum products headed toward Europe, the United States, and Asia, then an estimated 6.2 b/d by 2018. Total petroleum flows through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait accounted for about 9% of total seaborne-traded petroleum (crude oil and refined petroleum products) in 2017. About 3.6 million b/d moved north toward Europe; another 2.6 million b/d flowed in the opposite direction mainly to Asian markets such as Singapore, China, and India.[4]

History

Flows of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas through the strait, 2014–2018

modern humans
. It is presumed that the oceans were then much lower and the straits were much shallower or dry, which allowed a series of emigrations along the southern coast of Asia.

According to

rise of Islam
.

The

Indian empire. The government of Britain asserted its ownership in 1857 and erected a lighthouse there in 1861, using it to command the Red Sea and the trade routes through the Suez Canal.[3] It was used as a coaling station to refuel steamships until 1935 when the reduced use of coal as fuel rendered the operation unprofitable.[10]

The British presence continued until 1967 when the island became part of the People's Republic of South Yemen. Before the handover, the British government had put forward before the United Nations a proposal for the island to be internationalized[11][12] as a way to ensure the continued security of passage and navigation in the Bab-el-Mandeb, but this was refused.

In 2008 a company owned by

COWI in collaboration with architect studio Dissing+Weitling
, both from Denmark. It was announced in 2010 that Phase 1 had been delayed; however, as of mid-2016, nothing more has been heard about the project.

Sub-region

The Bab-el-Mandeb is also a

sub-region in the Arab League, which includes Djibouti, Yemen, and Eritrea.[citation needed
]

Demographics

Bab-el-Mandeb:[15]
Country
Area

(km2)
Population

(2016 est.)
Population density

(per km2)
Capital
GDP (PPP) $M USD GDP per capita (PPP) $ USD
Yemen Yemen 527,829 27,392,779 44.7
Sana'a
$58,202 $2,249
Eritrea Eritrea 117,600 6,380,803 51.8 Asmara $9.121 $1,314
Djibouti Djibouti 23,200 846,687 37.2 Djibouti City $3.327 $3,351
Total 668,629 34,620,269 29.3 / km2 Various $70,650 $1,841

Population centers

The most significant towns and cities along both the Djiboutian and Yemeni sides of the Bab-el-Mandeb:

Djibouti

Yemen

See also

Strait:

Region:

Rail (tunnel or bridge) transport:

References

  1. ^ Wehr's Arabic-English Dictionary, 1960.
  2. ^ "BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks". BBC News. December 18, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Bab-el-Mandeb" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 179
  4. ^ a b c "The Bab el-Mandeb Strait is a strategic route for oil and natural gas shipments". www.eia.gov. August 27, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. .
  6. ^ World Oil Transit Chokepoints Archived February 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy
  7. .
  8. .
  9. ^ Official website of EOTC Archived June 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Gavin, p. 291.
  11. .
  12. ^ Hakim, pp. 17-18.
  13. ^ "Tarek Bin Laden's Red Sea bridge". BBC News.
  14. ^ Tom Sawyer (May 1, 2007). "Notice-to-Proceed Launches Ambitious Red Sea Crossing". Engineering News-Record.
  15. ^ "CIA World Factbook". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency.

External links