Bacillota
Bacillota | |
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Gram-stained
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Clade: | Terrabacteria |
Phylum: | Bacillota Gibbons and Murray 2021[1] |
Classes | |
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Synonyms | |
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The Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure.[2] The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature.[3]
The name "Firmicutes" was derived from the Latin words for "tough skin," referring to the thick cell wall typical of bacteria in this phylum. Scientists once classified the Firmicutes to include all gram-positive bacteria, but have recently defined them to be of a core group of related forms called the low-
Many Bacillota (Firmicutes) produce endospores, which are resistant to desiccation and can survive extreme conditions. They are found in various environments, and the group includes some notable pathogens. Those in one family, the heliobacteria, produce energy through anoxygenic photosynthesis. Bacillota play an important role in beer, wine, and cider spoilage.
Classes
The group is typically divided into the
On
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[6] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[7]
The Firmicutes are thought by some [8] to be the source of the archaea, by models there the archaea branched relatively late from bacteria, rather than forming an independently originating early lineage (domain of life) from the last universal common ancestor of cellular life (LUCA).
16S rRNA based | GTDB 08-RS214 by Genome Taxonomy Database[12][13][14] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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♦ Paraphyletic Firmicutes |
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Genera
More than 274 genera were considered as of 2016[update] to be within the Bacillota phylum,[citation needed] notable genera of Bacillota include:
Bacilli, order Bacillales
Bacilli, order
- Clostridioides
- Clostridium
- Selenomonas
Clinical significance
This section may present appropriate weight to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.(March 2021) ) |
Bacillota make up ~30% of the mouse and
In multiple studies a higher abundance of Bacillota has been found in obese individuals than in lean controls. A higher level of Lactobacillus (of the Bacillota phylum) has been found in obese patients and in one study, obese patients put on weight loss diets showed a reduced amount of Bacillota within their guts.[21]
Diet changes in mice have also been shown to promote changes in Bacillota abundance. A higher relative abundance of Bacillota was seen in mice fed a western diet (high fat/high sugar) than in mice fed a standard low fat/ high polysaccharide diet. The higher amount of Bacillota was also linked to more adiposity and body weight within mice.[22] Specifically, within obese mice, the class Mollicutes (within the Bacillota phylum) was the most common. When the microbiota of obese mice with this higher Bacillota abundance was transplanted into the guts of germ-free mice, the germ-free mice gained a significant amount of fat as compared to those transplanted with the microbiota of lean mice with lower Bacillota abundance.[23]
The presence of
See also
References
- S2CID 239887308.
- ^ "Firmicutes" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Robitzki, Dan (4 January 2022). "Newly Renamed Prokaryote Phyla Cause Uproar". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- PMID 15143038. Archived from the originalon 2012-12-09.
- S2CID 1615592.
- ^ J. P. Euzéby. "Firmicutes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ Sayers; et al. "Firmicutes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- PMID 21356104.
- ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "LTP_01_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- S2CID 17203181.
- S2CID 205034045.
- ^ Henig, Robin Marantz (2006-08-13). "Fat Factors". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- PMID 16033867.
- ^ Komaroff AL. The Microbiome and Risk for Obesity and Diabetes. JAMA. Published online December 22, 2016. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.20099
- PMID 26600968.
- PMID 23452229.
- PMID 18407065.
- PMID 23452229.
- PMID 25417156.
External links
- Phylum "Firmicutes" - J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature