Bacillus atrophaeus
| Bacillus atrophaeus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Bacillaceae |
| Genus: | Bacillus |
| Species: | B. atrophaeus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura 1989
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Heterotypic synonyms
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Bacillus atrophaeus is a species of black-pigmented bacteria. Its type strain is NRRL NRS-213.[2] B. atrophaeus strains have been used extensively in biomedicine as indicator strains for heat- and chemical-based decontamination regimens. Most of the strains in use are derivatives of a lineage of B. atrophaeus that originated at Camp Detrick in the 1950s, where many modern biocontainment procedures were developed.[3][4][5]
B. atrophaeus has historically been known by several other names, including B. globigii (the origin of its military moniker "BG") and B. subtilis var. niger. Modern phylogenetic analyses using multiple genetic methods have placed B. atrophaeus close to B. subtilis.[4][6][7]
Its original and still most prominent use is as a surrogate organism for pathogenic B. anthracis,[7] beginning in the U.S. bio-weapons program, as its pigmentation readily facilitated discrimination from non-pigmented background organisms in environmental samples. Subsequent genomic and phenotypic analysis of strains derived from the Camp Detrick isolates revealed that they had been deliberately selected to exhibit elevated rates of sporulation.[4][8]
References
- ^ "Species: Bacillus atrophaeus". lpsn.dsmz.de.
- ISSN 0020-7713.
- ^ Wedum, Arnold. "Special Report No. 185 (Declassified)" (PDF). Defense Technology Information Center. United States Chemical Corps. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ PMID 21464989.
- PMID 20994868.
- PMID 15128533.
- ^ PMID 21092338.
- PMID 23042165.
Further reading
- Fritze, Dagmar, and Rüdiger Pukall. "Reclassification of bioindicator strains Bacillus subtilis DSM 675 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 2277 as Bacillus atrophaeus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology51.1 (2001): 35–37.
- Youssef, Nabil N., and Joyce Knoblett. "Culture filtrate of Bacillus atrophaeus induced abnormalities in Ascosphaera apis". Mycologia (1998): 937–946.
- Burke, S. A.; Wright, J. D.; Robinson, M. K.; Bronk, B. V.; Warren, R. L. (2004). "Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (5): 2786–2790. PMID 15128533.
- Luftman, Henry S., and Michael A. Regits. "B. Atrophaeus and G. Stearothermophilus biological indicators for chlorine dioxide gas decontamination". Applied Biosafety: Journal of the American Biological Safety Association 13.3 (2008): 143–157.
- Lighthart, Bruce; Prier, Kevin R. S.; Bromenshenk, Jerry J. (2004). "Detection of aerosolized bacterial spores (Bacillus atrophaeus) using free-flying honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as collectors". Aerobiologia. 20 (3–4): 191–195. S2CID 83717898.
External links
- "Bacillus atrophaeus" at the Encyclopedia of Life
- LPSN
- Type strain of Bacillus atrophaeus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
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