Outer membrane vesicle

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(Redirected from
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles
)
host–pathogen interface
.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are

microbial cultures in oceans,[5] inside animals, plants and even inside the human body.[6]

Gram-negative bacteria deploy their

vaccines[9] for immunizing humans and animals against threatening infections. VA-MENGOC-BC and Bexsero against meningitis are currently the only OMV vaccines approved in the US, though an OMV vaccine for gonorrhea is seeking approval.[10][11]

Biogenesis and movement

Gram-negative bacteria have a double set of

periplasmic space. In addition, there is a firm cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan
layer, which surrounds the cell membrane and occupies the periplasmic space. The peptidoglycan layer provides some rigidity for maintaining the bacterial cell shape, besides also protecting the microbe against challenging environments.

The first step in

biogenesis of gram-negative bacterial OMVs,[12] is bulging of outer membrane above the peptidoglycan layer. Accumulation of phospholipids in the outside of the outer membrane is thought to be the basis of this outwards bulging of the outer membrane.[13] This accumulation of phospholipids can be regulated by the VacJ/Yrb ABC transport system that transfers phospholipids from the outside of OM to the inner side.[13] Additionally, environmental conditions as sulfur depletion can trigger a state of phospholipid overproduction that causes increased OMV release.[14]

The actual release of the vesicle from the outer membrane remains unclear. It is likely that vesicle structures can be released spontaneously. Alternatively, it has been suggested that few proteins 'rivet' the outer and cell membranes together, so that the periplasmic bulge protrudes like a 'ballooned' pocket of inflated periplasm out from the surface of the outer membrane. Lateral diffusion of 'rivet complexes' may help in pinching off large bulges of periplasm as OMVs.[15]

Bacterial membrane vesicles dispersion along the cell surface was measured in live

prokaryotes via outer membrane vesicle trafficking for intra-species, inter-species and inter-kingdom cell signaling, which is slated to change our mindset on virulence of microbes, host–pathogen interactions and inter-relationships among variety of species in earth's ecosystem
.

See also

References

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  3. ^ "INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail". www.insaindia.res.in. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
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  5. ^ Biller JJ, Schubotz F, Thompson AW, Summons RE and Chisholm SW (2014) Bacterial vesicles in marine ecosystems. Science, vol. 343 (no. 6167), pp. 183–186. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1243457
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  7. ^ YashRoy R C (1993) Electron microscope studies of surface pili and vesicles of Salmonella 3,10:r:- organisms. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 63 (no. 2), pp. 99–102. https://www.academia.edu/7327498/YashRoy_R_C_1993_Electron_microscope_studies_of_suraface_pili_and_vesicles_of_Salmonella_3_10_r_-_organisms.i_and_vesicles._Indian_Journal_of_Animal_Sciences._Vol_63_No.2_pp._99-102
  8. ^ Ellis TN and Kuehn MJ (2010) Virulence and immuno-modulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol. 74 (no. 1), pp. 81–94. http://mmbr.asm.org/content/74/1/81.short
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  11. ^ "GSK's gonorrhoea vaccine receives FDA's 'fast-track' designation". Reuters. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
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  13. ^
    PMID 26806181
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  15. ^ YashRoy R C (2003) Eucaryotic cell intoxication by Gram-negative organisms: A novel bacterial outermembrane-bound nanovesicular model for Type-III secretion system. Toxicology International, vol. 10 (No. 1), 1-9.https://www.academia.edu/7695646/YashRoy_R_C_2003_Eukaryotic_cell_intoxication_by_Gram-negative_pathogens_A_novel_bacterial_outer_membrane-bound_nanovesicular_exocytosis_model_for_Type-III_secretion_system._Toxicology_International._Vol._10_No._1_pp._1-9
  16. PMID 33523924
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