Badge of shame

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A medieval "Mask of Shame", or scold's bridle

A badge of shame, also a symbol of shame, a mark of shame or a stigma,[1] is typically a distinctive symbol required to be worn by a specific group or an individual for the purpose of public humiliation, ostracism or persecution.

The term is also used metaphorically, especially in a pejorative sense, to characterize something associated with a person or group as shameful.[2]

In England, under the

Poor Act 1697, paupers in receipt of parish relief were required to wear a badge of blue or red cloth on the shoulder of the right sleeve in an open and visible manner, in order to discourage people from collecting relief unless they were desperate, as while many would be willing to collect relief, few would be willing to do so if required to wear the "shameful" mark of the poor in public.[3]

The

Jews were required to wear in parts of Europe during the Middle Ages,[4] and later in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe, was effectively a badge of shame, as well as identification.[5] Other identifying marks may include making shamed people go barefoot
.

The biblical "Mark of Cain" can be interpreted as synonymous with a badge of shame.[6][7][8][9]

History

Depilation

Punitive

depilation of men, especially burning off pubic hair, was intended as a mark of shame in ancient Mediterranean cultures where male body hair was valued.[10] Women who committed adultery have also been forced to wear specific icons or marks, or had their hair shorn, as a badge of shame.[11] Many women who fraternized with the occupiers in German-occupied Europe had their heads shaved by angry mobs of their peers after liberation by the Allies of World War II.[12]

During World War II, the Nazis also used head shaving as a mark of shame to punish Germans like the youthful non-conformists known as the Edelweiss Pirates.[13]

Clothing

Cathar yellow cross for radicals

In Ancient Rome, both men and women originally wore the toga, but over time matrons adopted the stola as the preferred form of dress, while prostitutes retained the toga. Later, under the Lex Julia, women convicted of prostitution were forced to wear a toga muliebris, as the prostitute's badge of shame.[14]

Starting in the 8th century Jews and Christians living under the Abbasid Caliphate were frequently compelled to wear distinctive markings on their clothes to signify their status as a follower of a dhimmi faith which often varied between the eras of different rulers.[15] Underneath Caliph Harun al-Rashid the use of yellow belts or fringes on the clothing were used to signify dhimmi status, while during the rule of Caliph al-Mutawakkil patches in the shape of donkeys were worn by Jews and patches in the shape of pigs were worn by Christians.[15] These symbols of identification held the primary function of marking individuals as belonging to the dhimmi minorities, which required them to pay a special tax. [15] Thus, they had the effect of marking individuals as socially inferior to Muslims and could act as a target for persecution during periods of unrest.[15]

At the beginning of the 13th century,

Count of Nevers
:

The Lord made Cain a wanderer and a fugitive over the earth, but set a mark upon him,... as wanderers must [the Jews] remain upon the earth, until their countenance be filled with shame...

— [16]
prison uniforms
considered a badge of shame

After Innocent III later presided over the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215,[17] the council adopted canon 68, requiring Jews (and Muslims) to dress distinctively to prevent interfaith relations.[18]

This canon was largely ignored by the secular governments of Europe until 1269 when King Louis IX of France, later Saint Louis, was persuaded to decree that French Jews must wear round yellow badges on their breasts and backs.[19][20]

After the

Cathars convicted of heresy.[21]

In

sexual immorality to wear the letter "A" or the letters "AD" for adultery and the letter "I" for incest on their clothing.[22]

Inmate in orange and white striped jumpsuit

Striped

Maricopa County Jail which was under the administration of Joe Arpaio, there, black and white stripes are used. Another predominantly used color scheme consists of orange and white stripes. A person who wears this kind of clothing is distinctly marked and as a result, they can unmistakably be identified as a prison inmate from a far distance, which allows citizens to instantly identify escapees and notify the authorities. Some facilities use hot pink uniforms for the same reasons: better visibility as well as deterrence, as male inmates generally find pink clothes emasculating.[24]

Skin

Societies have marked people directly in the practice generally known as being "branded a criminal". Criminals and slaves have been marked[

tattoos.[25] Sexual immorality in colonial New England was also punished by human branding with a hot iron, by having the marks burned into the skin of the face or forehead for all to see.[22]

dunce cap
in class, from a staged photo c.1906

The practice of human branding with visible marks on the face had been firmly established by King

Edward VI of England under the 1547 Statute of Vagabonds, which specified the burning of the letter "S" on the cheek or forehead of an escaped slave, and the letter "F" for "fraymaker" on the cheek of a church brawler.[26]

Quaker convicted of blasphemy in 1656, was famously branded with a "B" on his forehead.[26]
The practice of human branding was abolished in England by 1829.[26] It continued in the United States until at least 1864, during the American Civil War, when the faces of some deserters from the Union Army were branded with the letter "D" as a mark of shame that was intended to discourage others from deserting.[27] Runaway slaves could be branded with an "R" for "runaway", which had the effect of ensuring he or she was watched closely and often prejudiced against by any subsequent owners and overseers.

Headwear

In old-fashioned

dunce cap", often marked with the letter "D", was used as the badge of shame for disfavored students.[28][29] The dunce cap is no longer used in modern education. During the Chinese Cultural Revolution, individuals accused of being counter-revolutionaries were publicly humiliated by being forced to wear dunce caps with their war crimes written on them.[30]

Restraints

Presenting a prisoner to the public in restraints (such as handcuffs, shackles, chains or similar devices) has always served as a method of shaming the person as well. In addition to their practical use of preventing movement and escape, they are usually uncomfortable to wear and often lock the body in unnatural positions. Especially restraining the hands of a captive behind his or her back is perceived as particularly shameful, as it renders the person practically defenceless and showcases his or her physical defeat to onlookers. The effect is often multiplied by combining means of marking people such as the use of prison uniforms or similar clothing like penitential garbs and the exposure of bare feet. Such a prisoner may also be perp walked through a public place.

Other meanings

The yellow badge that Jews were forced to wear in Nazi Germany as a badge of shame

gay pride,[32]
and the Zionists' Star of David, also co-opted for the Nazi version of the yellow badge, was subsequently featured prominently on the flag of Israel.[33][34][35][36]

Conversely, symbols intended to have positive connotations can have unintended consequences. After World War I, the U.S. War Department awarded gold chevrons to soldiers serving in the combat zones in Europe. The silver chevrons awarded for honorable domestic service in support of the war effort were instead considered a badge of shame by many recipients.[37][38]

In April 1945 the government of Czechoslovakia ordered the expropriation, denaturalisation and ensuing deportation of all Germans and Hungarians. In May 1945 Germans had to wear white or yellow armbands with a capital N, for Němec (German), printed on. The armbands were to be worn on the outside clothes until finally, the government had deported all Germans, by 1947.[39]

More recently, in 2007, the Bangkok, Thailand police switched to punitive pink armbands adorned with the cute Hello Kitty cartoon character when the tartan armbands that had been intended to be worn as a badge of shame for minor infractions were instead treated as collectibles by offending officers forced to wear them, creating a perverse incentive.[40] The revised scheme, however, was also soon abandoned.[41]

Fictional works

lobby card for the 1934 adaptation of The Scarlet Letter
prominently features the letter "A".

In

Boston, the lead character Hester Prynne is led from the town prison with the scarlet letter "A" on her breast. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she had committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin for all to see. Originally intended as a badge of shame, it would later take on different meanings as her fictional life progressed in the story.[42]

The 1916 silent film The Yellow Passport, starring Clara Kimball Young, was also known as The Badge of Shame when it was reissued in 1917.[43][44]

In the 2006 film,

East India Trading Company.[46]

In the film

swastikas
into the foreheads of surviving German soldiers, to make their malfeasance known to all in the future.

The Japanese manga and anime series Attack on Titan shows the Eldians living in Marley were forced to wear armbands to identify themselves in internment zones.

See also

References

  1. ^ stigma. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. (accessed: January 13, 2008).
  2. ISBN 978-0-19-530844-0
    .
  3. ^ "Dependency, Shame and Belonging: Badging the Deserving Poor, c. 1550–1750*" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Jewish History 1250–1259 : 1257 Badge Of Shame (Italy)". The History of the Jewish People. Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-06. ...the badge of shame was imposed locally and infrequently in Italy until the Bull of Pope Alexander IV enforced it on all papal states.
  5. ISBN 0-8065-2463-4
    . But the wearing of a badge or outward sign — whose effect, intended or otherwise, successful or not, was to shame and to make vulnerable as well as to distinguish the wearer...
  6. ISBN 0-87779-628-9
    . As the term [mark of Cain] is used today, the idea of a protective mark has been lost; only the negative sense of a mark of shame or criminality remains.
  7. ISBN 0-7661-3019-3
    . Did we not say that when Mr. Lewis wrote his first history of A.M.O.R.C. that he also wrote his confession, placing on it the badge of shame—the mark of Cain—that revealed its real purpose and spurious nature?
  8. Christ killers
    ...
  9. JSTOR 3734056. Archived from the original
    on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2017-08-24. The work of Jean Genet, poet, playwright and novelist (1910–86) and Violette Leduc, innovator in prose narrative (1907–72) reverts to the ancient traditions of bastardy as excess, a badge of shame and evil, a latter-day mark of Cain, which at the same time distinguishes the bastard from the herd and confers a sort of perverse and even grandiose power.
  10. ISBN 0-8014-8482-0
    . Other sexual punishments left a temporary mark of shame on the body. Perhaps the most important of these was depilation, especially the burning off of anal and pubic hair.
  11. ^ Winterman, Denise (2007-02-20). "Mark of a woman". BBC News Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-06. Historically a shaven head has also always had meaning – and in a woman's case, mostly negative. It has been used as a badge of shame, often linked to sexual promiscuity.
  12. ISBN 1-84520-207-4
    . After the Occupation, Dutch women and girls who had consorted with the Germans were accused of treason. It was known before the war was over that they would be punished by having their heads shaved.
  13. ^ "BBC - h2g2 - Youth Resistance in Wartime Germany". BBC. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
  14. ISBN 0-19-508785-2
    . ...through conviction under the law was cast as a prostitute, most visibly through imposition of the label of the toga, the prostitute's badge of shame.
  15. ^ a b c d "Jewish Badge: Origins | Holocaust Encyclopedia".
  16. ISBN 0-8091-4324-0
    .
  17. ISBN 0-415-92633-5
    . Pope Innocent III, the most power of the medieval popes, presided over the fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and had the bishops decree that non-Christians must wear distinctive garments.
  18. ^ Halsall, Paul (February 1996). "Lateran IV: Canon 68 - on Jews". Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 2008-01-12. ...we decree that such Jews ... shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress...
  19. ISBN 1-4286-3180-1
    . In 1269 Louis IX. required all Jews to wear a badge of yellow on breast and back...
  20. ISBN 1-4051-5682-1
    . Most secular governments chose to ignore that decision, although in 1269, at the end of his life, Saint Louis was obliged, apparently against his will, to observe it.
  21. ISBN 0-8264-7665-1
    . Suspects found guilty of heresy had ecclesiastical penances imposed on them, which might include the wearing of a badge of shame.
  22. ^
    ISBN 0-8377-2180-6
    .
  23. ISBN 0-7619-4753-1
    . The distinctive prison stripes were abolished in 1904. ...stripes had come to be looked upon as a badge of shame and were a constant humiliation and irritant to many prisoners' (Report of the New York (State) Prison Department, 1904: 22)
  24. ^ Griffin, David. "Greer County Inmates Now Wearing Hot Pink". www.newson6.com. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  25. ^ Sayer, Melissa (2007-06-17). "Tattoos : AKA: Getting inked". The Surgery. BBC. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-13. For thousands of years, people have been getting tattoos.... Others were branded a criminal or slave with tattoos.
  26. ^
    ISBN 1-4254-9141-3
    . In the reign of Edward VI. was passed the famous Statute of Vagabonds, authorising the branding with hot iron
  27. ^ Abdullah, Syed, MD (March 2001). "William Chester Minor, M.D.: The Brilliance of a Tortured Mind" (PDF). The Synapse. West Hudson Psychiatric Society branch of the American Psychiatric Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-12-25. Retrieved 2008-01-13. The branding was sometimes done over the cheek so that the would-be deserter carried a visible mark of shame on his face forever.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ISBN 0-231-13076-7
    . In old-fashioned schoolrooms in France, teachers made misbehaving students sit in the corner wearing a sign saying Âne, or ass, and a cap with donkey's ears ... Their naughty British and American counterparts wore a tall conical dunce cap, a term probably borrowed from French "cap d'âne." which means "ass's head.
  29. ISBN 0-06-250923-3
    . ...the "dunce cap" placed as a badge of shame on the heads of children who had failed to learn their lessons.
  30. ^ Lawson, Alastair. "Rare Chinese Cultural Revolution photos on display," BBC News, Saturday, October 13, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2018
  31. ^
    ISBN 0-8101-1666-9
    . The 1947 plaque, which simply names the victims and the event, depicts a row of triangle badges, which had been used in the concentration camps to designate categories of prisoners according to the reason for their imprisonment. This badge of shame, which was unmistakably linked to the Nazi camps, was now used as a badge of honor.
  32. S2CID 159598928
    . Retrieved 2007-11-11. ...the pink triangle, which had been the designation for concentration camp inmates incarcerated under Paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code, became one of the most widespread symbols of the new gay liberation movement.
  33. The University of Rochester. 2005-04-27. Archived from the original
    on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-10. The Star of David was used by the Nazis as a "badge of shame" every Jew had to wear prior to deportation and mass murder. Expressing the feelings of hope and re-assurance, the State of Israel in 1948 placed the sign on its flag.
  34. ISBN 0-88125-783-4
    . The Star of David, imprinted on the flag of Israel,... The Nazis made it a badge of shame, and we reestablished it as a badge of honor.
  35. ISBN 0-87441-672-8
    . Intended to be the Jews' badge of shame, the Jews transformed it into a badge of honor and affirmation. It has acquired a new significance and flows proudly as the flag of Israel.
  36. ISBN 0-8166-3711-3
    . In a different context, the Star of David, once used by the Nazis to signal vermin to be exterminated, adorns the national flag of Israel.
  37. ISBN 0-8018-7446-7
    . After the war, the War Department awarded silver chevrons for each six months of army service in the United States. The silver chevron intended to recognize honorable stateside service, became instead a badge of shame to those who wore it.
  38. ISBN 0-313-33181-2
    . Soldiers who never made it overseas were eventually given silver chevrons, which many saw as a badge of shame. In a poem published by The Stars and Stripes, one soldier imagined the ideal homecoming for a soldier with a silver chevron: 'But, my darling, don't you bleat. No one thinks you had cold feet; You had to do as you were told; Silver stripes instead of gold.'
  39. ISBN 9788086010649
    .
  40. ^ Myndans, Seth (2007-08-25). "Cute Kitty Is Pink Badge of Shame in Bangkok". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved 2007-11-06. It is the pink armband of shame for wayward police officers, as cute as it can be, with a Hello Kitty face and a pair of linked hearts.
  41. ^ "Thai police too macho for Hello Kitty armbands – World Blog". Worldblog.msnbc.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
  42. JSTOR 469093
    .
  43. ^ "The Yellow Passport (1916)". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  44. ^ "Clara Kimball Young – Silent Film Star". goldensilents.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  45. ^ "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006): Partial film transcription". Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
  46. ^ "Black Pearl 101". Walt Disney Pictures. Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-05-31.

External links

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