The Bahamas

Coordinates: 25°00′N 77°24′W / 25.00°N 77.40°W / 25.00; -77.40
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Bahama Islands
)

Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Motto: "Forward, Upward, Onward, Together"
Anthem: "
mixed
  • 1.9% other
  • 0.7% unspecified[2][3]
  • Religion
    (2020)[4]
    • 4.5%
      Government
    Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[5][6]
    • Monarch
    Charles III
    Cynthia A. Pratt
    Philip Davis
    Legislature
    House of Assembly
    Independence 
    • Realm
    10 July 1973[7]
    Calling code
    +1 242
    ISO 3166 codeBS
    Internet TLD.bs
    1. ^ Also referred to as Bahamian[11]

    The Bahamas (/bəˈhɑːməz/ bə-HAH-məz), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas,[12] is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic Ocean. It contains 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and 88% of its population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the U.S. state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.

    The Bahama islands were inhabited by the

    speaking Taíno, for many centuries.[13] Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "New World" in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador. Later, the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to Hispaniola and enslaved them there, after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, nearly all native Bahamians having been forcibly removed for enslavement or having died of diseases that Europeans brought with them from Europe. In 1649,[14] English colonists from Bermuda, known as the Eleutheran Adventurers, settled on the island of Eleuthera
    .

    The Bahamas became a

    North American slaves and Seminoles escaped to The Bahamas from Florida. Bahamians were even known to recognise the freedom of enslaved people carried by the ships of other nations which reached The Bahamas. Today Black-Bahamians make up 90% of the population of 400,516.[13]

    The country gained governmental independence in 1973, led by Sir Lynden O. Pindling. Charles III is currently its monarch, shared with other Commonwealth realms.[13] The Bahamas has the third-largest gross domestic product per capita in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. Its economy is based on tourism and offshore finance.[16]

    Naming and etymology

    The name Bahamas is derived from the

    Lucayan name Bahama ('large upper middle island'), used by the indigenous Taíno people for the island of Grand Bahama.[17][18] Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish baja mar ('shallow sea'). Wolfgang Ahrens of York University argues that this is a folk etymology.[17] Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning.[19]

    First attested on the c. 1523 Turin Map, Bahama originally referred to Grand Bahama alone but was used inclusively in English by 1670.

    The Bahamas is one of only two countries whose official names start with the article "the." (The other is The Gambia.) The usage likely arose because the name also refers to the islands, a geographical feature that would take a definite article.[22]

    History

    Pre-Hispanic era

    The first inhabitants of The Bahamas were the

    Taino people, who moved into the uninhabited southern islands from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 800s–1000s AD, having migrated there from mainland South America; they came to be known as the Lucayan people.[23] An estimated 30,000 Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus' arrival in 1492.[24]

    Arrival of the Spanish

    Niña and the Pinta, on Watling Island, an island of the Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador, on 12 October 1492.[25]

    Columbus' first landfall in what was to Europeans a "New World" was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayans as Guanahani). While there is a general consensus that this island lay within the Bahamas, precisely which island Columbus landed on is a matter of scholarly debate. Some researchers believe the site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas, whilst an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus' log. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them, claiming the islands for the Crown of Castile, before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the Greater Antilles.[23]

    The 1494

    immunity; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone.[26] As a result of these depredations the population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.[27]

    Arrival of the English

    The English had expressed an interest in the Bahamas as early as 1629. However, it was not until 1648 that the first English settlers arrived on the islands. Known as the

    Eleutherian Adventurers and led by William Sayle, they migrated from Bermuda seeking greater religious freedom. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera, Greek for free. They later settled New Providence, naming it Sayle's Island. Life proved harder than envisaged however, and many – including Sayle – chose to return to Bermuda.[23] To survive, the remaining settlers salvaged goods from wrecks
    .

    In 1670,

    Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country from their base on New Providence.[28][23] Piracy and attacks from hostile foreign powers were a constant threat. In 1684, Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital Charles Town (later renamed Nassau),[29] and in 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau during the War of the Spanish Succession.[30][31]

    18th century

    Battle of Nassau
    in 1776
    African-American
    slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in The Bahamas

    During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for

    Pirates' republic" and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718, which they dubbed "the Bahama islands" under the governorship of Woodes Rogers.[23] After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy.[33] In 1720, the Spanish attacked Nassau during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1729, a local assembly was established giving a degree of self-governance for British settlers.[23][34] The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.[35]

    During the

    King William IV) to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida, which would still have to conquer the city of St. Augustine, Florida in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga; after that, also in 1784, the Bahamas would be declared a British colony.[36]

    After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300

    Lord Dunmore, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital.[23]
    European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.

    19th century

    The Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished slave trading to British possessions, including the Bahamas. The United Kingdom pressured other slave-trading countries to also abolish slave-trading, and gave the Royal Navy the right to intercept ships carrying slaves on the high seas.[39][40] Thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy were resettled in the Bahamas.

    In the 1820s during the period of the

    Andros Island, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park.[41][42] Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.[43]

    In 1818,[15] the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 enslaved people owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.[44] The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium. The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries.[45][46]

    The lighthouse in Great Isaac Cay.

    Slavery was

    slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".[48]

    These incidents, in which a total of 447 enslaved people belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.

    During the

    Confederate States.[49][50]

    Early 20th century

    The early decades of the 20th century were ones of hardship for many Bahamians, characterised by a stagnant economy and widespread poverty. Many eked out a living via subsistence agriculture or fishing.[23]

    Governor of the Bahamas
    from 1940 to 1945

    In August 1940, the

    British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany.[53][54]

    The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in

    Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[56] The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[57][58]

    Post-Second World War

    Second World War. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s, split broadly along ethnic lines, with the United Bahamian Party (UBP) representing the English-descended Bahamians (known informally as the "Bay Street Boys")[59] and the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) representing the Black-Bahamian majority.[23]

    A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964, with Chief Minister

    Prime Minister. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence.[62] A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968.[63] In 1971, the UBP merged with a disaffected faction of the PLP to form a new party, the Free National Movement (FNM), a centre-right party which aimed to counter the growing power of Pindling's PLP.[64]

    The

    Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence.[69]

    Post-independence

    Shortly after independence, The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973,[70] and later the United Nations on 18 September 1973.[71]

    Politically, the first two decades were dominated by Pindling's PLP, who went on to win a string of electoral victories. Allegations of corruption, links with drug cartels and financial malfeasance within the Bahamian government failed to dent Pindling's popularity. Meanwhile, the economy underwent a dramatic growth period fuelled by the twin pillars of tourism and

    offshore finance, significantly raising the standard of living on the islands. The Bahamas' booming economy led to it becoming a beacon for immigrants, most notably from Haiti.[23]

    Hurricane Dorian's destruction in the Bahamas

    In 1992, Pindling was unseated by Hubert Ingraham of the FNM.[60]: p.78  Ingraham went on to win the 1997 Bahamian general election, before being defeated in 2002, when the PLP returned to power under Perry Christie.[60]: p.82  Ingraham returned to power from 2007 to 2012, followed by Christie again from 2012 to 2017. With economic growth faltering, Bahamians re-elected the FNM in 2017, with Hubert Minnis becoming the fourth prime minister.[23]

    In September 2019, Hurricane Dorian struck the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama at Category 5 intensity, devastating the northwestern Bahamas. The storm inflicted at least US$7 billion in damages and killed more than 50 people,[72][73] with 1,300 people missing after two weeks.[74]

    The COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas was a part of the

    Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020,[77] and recognised as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020.[78] It was confirmed to have reachedthe Bahama on 15 March 2020 with the announcement of the first case.[79]

    In September 2021, the ruling

    Prime Minister of Bahamas to succeed Hubert Minnis.[83]

    Geography

    Map of The Bahamas
    Most of the Bahamas are the above-water part of the Bahama Banks (light blue).
    During the ice ages these would have been two large islands.

    The landmass that makes up what is the modern-day Bahamas, lies at the northern part of the

    Pleistocene Ice Age
    around 3 million years ago, had a profound impact on the archipelago's formation.

    The Bahamas consists of a

    Lucayan archipelago). It lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N, and longitudes 72° and 80°W and straddles the Tropic of Cancer.[13] There are some 700 islands and 2,400 cays in total (of which 30 are inhabited) with a total land area of 10,010 km2 (3,860 sq mi).[13][23]

    Great Inagua. The largest island is Andros.[23]

    All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island at 64 m (210 ft).[13]

    The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions:

    Bahamian mangroves.[84] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.35/10, ranking it 44th globally out of 172 countries.[85]

    Climate

    tropical savannah climate or Aw, with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry season. The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream, and low elevation give The Bahamas a warm and winterless climate.[86]

    As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. There is only a 7 °C (13 °F) difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. Every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes down from the North American mainland, however there has never been a frost or freeze recorded in the Bahamian Islands. Only once in recorded history has snow been seen in the air anywhere in The Bahamas. This occurred in Freeport on 19 January 1977, when snow mixed with rain was seen in the air for a short time.[87] The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Much of the natural vegetation is tropical scrub and cactus and succulents are common in landscapes.[88]

    Tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally impact The Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. Hurricane Dorian of 2019 passed over the archipelago at destructive Category 5 strength with sustained winds of 298 km/h (185 mph) and wind gusts up to 350 km/h (220 mph), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact the northwestern islands of Grand Bahama and Great Abaco.[89]

    Geology

    Dean's Blue Hole in Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas
    The Blue Lagoon Island, Bahamas

    It was generally believed that the Bahamas were formed approximately 200 million years ago, when Pangaea started to break apart. In current times, it endures as an archipelago containing over 700 islands and cays, fringed around different coral reefs. The limestone that comprises the Banks has been accumulating since at least the Cretaceous period, and perhaps as early as the Jurassic; today the total thickness under the Great Bahama Bank is over 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles).[90] As the limestone was deposited in shallow water, the only way to explain this massive column is to estimate that the entire platform has subsided under its own weight at a rate of roughly 3.6 centimetres (2 inches) per 1,000 years.[90] The Bahamas is part of the

    Ma, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic. The 6.4 km (4.0 mi) thick limestones, which predominate in The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous. These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust. Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream. This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank, plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks. Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or atoll, continues today at the rate of about 20 mm (0.79 in) per kyr. Coral reefs form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form.[92]

    Coral growth was greater through the

    : 22, 29–30 

    lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m (98 to 148 ft), though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m (200 ft) in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.[92]
    : 41–59, 61–64 

    Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition.[92]
    : 33–40, 65, 72–84, 86 

    The

    eroded. The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.[91]

    Government and politics

    The Bahamian Parliament, located in Nassau
    Traffic police in Nassau

    The Bahamas is a

    Commonwealth realms.[93][94]

    The

    Senate, with members appointed by the governor-general, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. As under the Westminster system, the prime minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[95]

    Constitutional safeguards include

    Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.[13]

    Political culture

    The Bahamas has a

    Democratic National Alliance.[96] There has been a growing republican movement in the Bahamas, particularly since the death of Elizabeth II, with a majority now supporting an elected head of state according to an opinion poll.[97][98]

    Foreign relations

    United States Vice President Kamala Harris met with Prime Minister Philip Davis of The Bahamas at the Office of the Vice President in 2023.

    The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in

    High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).[99]

    The embassy of the United States in Nassau donated $3.6 million to the Minister for Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Reconstruction for modular shelters, medical evacuation boats, and construction materials. The donation was made two weeks after the one-year anniversary of Hurricane Dorian.[100]

    Armed forces

    HMBS Nassau (P-61)

    The Bahamian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF),

    CARICOM)'s Regional Security Task Force.[101]

    The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Its duties include defending The Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.[103]

    Administrative divisions

    The districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70 per cent of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of family island administrators, local government districts, local district councillors and local town committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of the central government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 councillors and 281 town committee members elected to represent the various districts.[104]

    Each councillor or town committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.

    The districts other than New Providence are:[105]

    Districts of The Bahamas

    Economy

    Taino Beach, Grand Bahama Island

    In terms of

    US dollar.[16]

    The Bahamas relies heavily on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry accounts for about 70% of the Bahamian GDP and provides jobs for about half of the country's workforce.[107] The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.[108]

    After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP.[16] It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies in the world.[109]

    The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified by some as a

    VAT, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer.[110] In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.[2]

    Agriculture and manufacturing form the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP.

    Access to biocapacity in the Bahamas is much higher than world average. In 2016, the Bahamas had 9.2 global hectares[112] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[113] In 2016 the Bahamas used 3.7 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than the Bahamas contains. As a result, the Bahamas is running a biocapacity reserve.[112]

    Transport

    Leonard M. Thompson International Airport

    The Bahamas contains about 1,620 km (1,010 mi) of paved roads.[13] Inter-island transport is conducted primarily via ship and air. The country has 61 airports, the chief of which are Lynden Pindling International Airport on New Providence, Grand Bahama International Airport on Grand Bahama Island and Leonard M. Thompson International Airport (formerly Marsh Harbour Airport) on Abaco Island.

    Demographics

    FAO
    ; number of inhabitants in thousands

    The Bahamas had a population of 407,906 at the 2018 Census, of which 25.9% were 14 or under, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population.

    infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010).[2]
    The latest official estimate (as at 2022) is 400,516.

    The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located;[115] and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport.[116]

    Racial and ethnic groups

    According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being

    Mixed (African and European).[117] Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was native European and 26% native African.[117]

    Afro-Bahamian children at a local school

    Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in The Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa. The first Africans to arrive to The Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives.[118]

    The Haitian community in The Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to The Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.[119]

    White Bahamians
    on the island of New Providence

    The white Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the

    American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively.[120] Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985.[121] The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as some light-skinned Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. Generally, however, Bahamians self-identify as white or black along the lines similar to the distinction made in the US.[122]

    A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population are Greek Bahamians, descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s.[123] They make up less than 2% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture.[124][125]

    Other ethnic groups in the Bahamas include Asians and people of Spanish and Portuguese origin.[126]

    Religion

    Religion in The Bahamas (2010)[127]

      
    Roman Catholic
    (14.5%)
      Other Christian (1.3%)
      Unaffiliated (3.1%)
      Other religion (1.1%)

    The islands' population is predominantly

    Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%.[128]

    secretly Jewish. Today, there is a small community with about 200 members, according to census data, although higher estimates place this figure at 300.[129][130][131]

    Muslims also have a minority presence. While some slaves and free Africans in the colonial era were Muslim, the religion was absent until around the 1970s, when it experienced a revival. Today, there are about 300 Muslims.[132][131]

    There are also smaller communities of

    Hindus, Rastafarians and practitioners of traditional African religions such as Obeah.[131]

    Languages

    The official language of The Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as "dialect") or "Bahamianese".[133] Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage.[134][135] Both are used as autoglossonyms.[136] Haitian Creole, a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole[2] to differentiate it from Bahamian English.[137]

    Education

    According to 2011 estimates, 95% of the Bahamian adult population are literate.

    The University of the Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout The Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016.[138]

    Culture

    Junkanoo celebration in Nassau

    The culture of the islands is a mixture of African (Afro-Bahamians being the largest ethnicity),

    American due to historical family ties, migration of freed slaves from the United States to The Bahamas, and as the dominant country in the region and source of most tourists).[23]

    A form of African-based folk magic is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of The Bahamas.[139] The practice of obeah is illegal in The Bahamas and punishable in law.[140]

    In the outer islands also called Family Islands, handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items.[141]

    Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.[23]

    Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats, as well as an onshore festival.[142]

    Many dishes are associated with

    story telling
    .

    Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some major writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders.[143][144]

    The best-known folklore and legends in The Bahamas include the lusca and chickcharney creatures of Andros, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas.

    Media

    Symbols

    The national flag of The Bahamas

    The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development.[13] The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.[13]

    Coat of arms of the Bahamas

    The coat of arms of The Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo, which are the national animals of The Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands.

    On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the

    Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto:[145]

    Forward, Upward, Onward Together.

    The national flower of The Bahamas is the yellow elder, as it is endemic to the Bahama islands and it blooms throughout the year.[146]

    Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea, hibiscus and poinciana—had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands.[147]

    Sport

    Thomas Robinson Stadium in Nassau.

    Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is

    West Indies Cricket Board, so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field, basketball, baseball, softball,[149] volleyball[150] and association football[151] where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country, usually from Jamaica, Guyana, Trinidad and Barbados. Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval in Nassau, Bahamas.[152] Whiles the main and only cricket grounds on Grand Bahama is the Lucaya Cricket Oval.[153]

    The only other sporting event that began before cricket was

    have proven to be more popular.

    Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation.

    Joe Lewis, the owner of the club, is based in The Bahamas.[158][159][160]

    Other popular sports are

    Athletics, commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball
    due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands.

    The Bahamas first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation has never participated in any Winter Olympic Games. Bahamian athletes have won a total of sixteen medals, all in athletics and sailing. The Bahamas has won more Olympic medals than any other country with a population under one million.[168]

    The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the

    IAAF World Relays.[170] The nation also hosted the 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games,[171] along with annual events Bahamas Bowl[172] and Battle 4 Atlantis.[173]

    See also

    References

    Citations

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    Sources

    Further reading

    General history

    • Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools. London: Collins, 1978.
    • Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46.
    • Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas. London: Collins, 1962.
    • Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992
    • Collinwood, Dean. "Columbus and the Discovery of Self", Weber Studies, Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44.
    • Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays, Tropic Isle Publications, 1983.
    • Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau, White Sound Press, 1987.
    • Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990.
    • Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980, Nassau: Department of Archives

    Economic history

    • Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991.
    • Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933. Gainesville:
      University of Florida Press
      , 1996.
    • Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise, New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998.
    • Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas. New York:
      Peter Lang
      , 2004.

    Social history

    • Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 2000.
    • Shirley, Paul. "Tek Force Wid Force", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35.
    • Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s. Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996.
    • Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990.
    • Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie. Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996.
    • Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song. Royal Crown Records, 1985.
    • Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds, White Sound Press, 1989.
    • Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society, Caribbean Books, 1989.
    • Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index, White Sound Press, 1989.
    • Collinwood, Dean. "The Bahamas", in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995, 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
    • Collinwood, Dean. "The Bahamas", chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record, Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986.
    • Collinwood, Dean. "Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty", in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean, UNESCO, No. 48, 1982.
    • Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, "The National Literature of the New Bahamas", Weber Studies, Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62.
    • Collinwood, Dean. "Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean", Tsuda Review, No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57.
    • Collinwood, Dean. "Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society", Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297.
    • Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. "Political Leadership in the Bahamas", The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987.

    External links