Bahia

Coordinates: 12°S 41°W / 12°S 41°W / -12; -41
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Bahia
Estado da Bahia
State of Bahia
US$ 65.411 billion)
HDI
 • Year2021
 • Category0.691[3]medium (22nd)
Time zoneUTC−03:00 (BRT)
Postal code
40000-000 to 48990-000
ISO 3166 codeBR-BA
Websitewww.bahia.ba.gov.br

Bahia (Portuguese: [bɐˈiɐ] , [ba-]; meaning "bay") is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro) and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador (formerly known as "Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos", literally "City of the Saint Savior of the Bay of All the Saints"), on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, Bahia is now a predominantly working-class industrial and agricultural state. The state is home to 7% of the Brazilian population[5] and produces 4.2% of the country's GDP.[6][7][8][9][10]

Name

The name of the state derives from the earlier

Saints"). Over time, the bay became distinguished as the Bay of All Saints, the state as Bahia ("Bay"), and its capital first as Bahia and then finally as Salvador.[citation needed
]

Geography

Bahia is bordered on the east by the

Tocantins. In the southwest, it borders Goiás, and in the south it is bordered (from east to west) by Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais
.

The state is crossed from west to east by

paddlewheel steamers, the river is only navigable to small modern craft but is still vital to the arid west since it continuously supplies water during seasons. The Sobradinho Dam created one of the largest reservoirs in the world; other major hydroelectric projects along its length include the Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex and the Itaparica or Luiz Gonzaga Dam
.

Regions

Chapada Diamantina National Park

Bahia's geographical regions comprise the Atlantic Forest; the maritime region (Recôncavo)[12] radiating from the Bay of All Saints, the site of sugar and tobacco cultivation; and the Planalto, which includes the sertão region of Bahia's far interior. The state has the Diamantina Tableland (Chapada Diamantina), which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. The rain falls regularly in the eastern section.[citation needed] The western area is more arid[12] and its predominate vegetation the cerrado. The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the cowboys' habit of starting wildfires each year to improve the quality of the grass.[13] The Chapada Diamantina National Park is home to picturesque chapadões.

Coconut Coast

The Coconut Coast, in the north of Bahia, corresponds to a total of 193 km (120 mi) of coastline, where coconut groves, dunes, rivers, swamps and fresh water lagoons are abundant as well as the presence of the

Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport.[14]

Bay of All Saints

The largest bay on the

Northeast
, Salvador, and more than ten municipalities. It is the largest navigable bay in Brazil and one of the most favorite spots for nautical sports, due to its regular breezes, medium annual temperature of 26 °C (79 °F) and sheltered waters. The bay offers various leisure options, with hundreds of vessels of all different types, especially saveiros, schooners, motor boats, jet ski that criss-cross its crystalline waters on maritime excursions to the islands, and boat races. Events and sport activities occur throughout the year, beginning on 1 January, with the Procession of Bom Jesus dos Navegantes greeting the New Year.

All Saints' has also been traditionally the venue for rowing contests at the Enseada dos Tainheiros, in Salvador and now the bay is included in the routes of the great international

Itaparica
, Madre de Deus, Maré, Frades, Medo, Bom Jesus dos Passos.

Pelourinho, Salvador

Dendê Coast

The Dendê Coast, south of

water sports, walk along the beach, follow trails in the rainforest and bathe on completely deserted beaches such as Garapuá.[15]

Cacao Coast

Along the southern coast of Bahia, the Cacao Coast preserves ecological sanctuaries with dozens of kilometers of beaches shaded by dense coconut groves, the

cacao plantations. Walking along paths in the forest or along the beaches, horseback riding along the coast, boat trips up the vast number of rivers are some of the options that the region offers. Here one can find Environmental Protection Areas at Itacaré/Serra Grande and the Lagoa Encantada in Ilhéus, the Biological Reserve of Una and the Ecological Reserve of Prainha at Itacaré. From the Morro de Pernambuco to Canavieiras, there are 110 km (68 mi) of beaches, with reefs, inlets, coconut
grove and an infinite number of estuaries of rivers which extend throughout the Cacao Coast. Highway BA-001 links the municipalities, nearly always bordering the coastline. The most important locations at Cacao Coast are: Itacaré, Ilhéus, and Olivença.

Discovery Coast

Köppen climate types of Bahia

The Discovery Coast preserves, virtually intact, the landscape seen by the Portuguese fleet described in the first pages of the

ferryboat
systems over the Rio João de Tiba and Rio Buranhém connect the municipalities with the coast. Trips from Barra do Cai, passing through the Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal, Caraíva, Trancoso, Arraial d'Ajuda, the environmental protection areas of Santo Antônio and Coroa Vermelha, to the mouth of the Rio João de Tiba as far as the Rio Jequitinhonha are among the various ecological trips available.

Diamantina Tableland

The geographical center of Bahia is the Diamantina Tableland (Chapada Diamantina) region. It is a mountainous region with diversified topography. 90% of the rivers of the Paraguaçu, Jacuípe, and Rio das Contas

bromeliads, orchids
and "sempre vivas" (member of the strawflower family). On the area one, can find the three highest mountains in the state: Pico do Barbado, 2,080 m (6,820 ft) high, Pico Itobira, 1,970 m (6,460 ft), and Pico das Almas, 1,958 m (6,424 ft).

Another scenic attraction is the Cachoeira da Fumaça ("Waterfall"), which falls 420 m (1,380 ft); the Gruta dos Brejões, the largest cavern opening of Bahia; and the Poço Encantado. Many of the sites are protected by the National Park of the Diamantina Tableland and the Environmental Preservation Area Serra do Barbado and Marimbus, Iraquara.

Climate

Bahia's climate is tropical. It has the longest coastline of the country: 1,103 km long (685 miles; north coast: 143; Bay of All Saints: 124; and southern: 418). With 68% of its territory located in the

semi-arid
zone, the State presents diversified climates and an average rainfall that varies from 363 to 2,000 mm (14.3 to 78.7 in) per year, depending on the region.

History

Topographical and administrative map of the Province of Bahia, 1857.
Historic Centre of Salvador.

The

oldest cathedral and first medical college (1810),[17] and an engineering school was established in 1899.[18]

Bahia's captaincy was the first to fail, with its lands reverting to the Portuguese crown in 1549.[19] While Portugal was united with Spain, the Dutch West India companies tried to conquer Bahia but was unsuccessful in the area, with Dutch Brazil restricted to the area from Pernambuco Northward.[20]

Bahia was a center of sugarcane cultivation from the 16th to the 18th centuries and contains a number of historic towns, such as Cachoeira, dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of a vast number of African slaves: more than a third of all slaves taken from Africa were sent to Brazil, mostly to be processed in Bahia before being sent to work in plantations elsewhere in the country.[21]

The state was the last area of the country to join the

Portuguese crown after the rest of the country proclaimed independence under Pedro I on 7 September 1822. Control of the province was disputed in several battles, mostly in Pirajá, before the Portuguese were fully expelled on 2 July 1823. It became a Brazilian state in 1889.[19]

coffee, and tobacco plantations joined those for sugarcane and the discovery of diamonds in 1844 led to large influx of "washers" (garimpeiros) until the still-larger deposits in South Africa came to light.[12] A smaller boom hit Caetité in 1872 upon the discovery of amethysts there.[12] The cattle industry of the interior led to the development of Feira de Santana before collapsing in a series of droughts.[19]

Politics

Historically, Bahia's politics and that of the country have been closely intertwined, initially due to Salvador's status as the first capital of Brazil. During the imperial period, several prime ministers originated from Bahia; during the early years of the Republic, Bahia produced some noteworthy national figures, such as Ruy Barbosa, Cezar Zama, and Aristides Spínola, amongst others.

During the First Brazilian Republic (República Velha) the biggest name in the state's politics was José Joaquim Seabra, also known as J. J. Seabra; the Vargas era and the subsequent re-democratization period saw the rise of Juracy Magalhães and Otávio Mangabeira, respectively. During the military dictatorship, the governorship of Antônio Carlos Magalhães (also known by his initials, ACM) would mark the politics of Bahia for three decades, with one brief defeat in 1980 by Waldir Pires. Despite this defeat ACM would go on to occupy many other public offices, eventually dying in 2007 while serving as senator. ACM's wide-reaching influence in the state's politics has been dubbed "Carlismo" and is considered as an example of a larger phenomena called coronelismo.

After the end of military rule in Brazil in 1985, the government of the state of Bahia oscillated between two parties, the Partido da Frente Liberal (PFL, now the Democrats) and the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). The Workers' Party (PT) was elected to the governorship in 2007 and has held it ever since, over five successive elections (2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022).

Government structure

As a federative unit of Brazil, Bahia has its own three branches of government (executive, legislative, judiciary), which are operated by the Governor, the Legislative Assembly and the Court of Justice of the State of Bahia, respectively. Elective terms last four years, with state and federal elections being held simultaneously. The Governor of the state has a maximum of two consecutive terms. The Legislative Assembly is composed of 63 state deputies. At the federal level, Bahia is represented by three senators and 39 federal deputies. Municipal elections are held two years after the state and federal elections.

The state capital is the city of Salvador, but once a year the capital is moved to Cachoeira in recognition of the city's importance in the struggle for the independence of Brazil.[23]

There are 10,110,100 registered voters, according to data from 2012, making Bahia the fourth state with the most voters in the country. Most voters reside in the capital and most populous city of Salvador.[24]

All 29 registered parties in Brazil have chapters in Bahia.

Demographics

Religion in Bahia (2010)[25][26]

  
Catholicism (65.2%)
  Protestantism (17.4%)
(1.1%)
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18721,379,616—    
18901,919,802+1.85%
19002,117,956+0.99%
19203,334,465+2.30%
19403,918,112+0.81%
19504,834,575+2.12%
19605,990,605+2.17%
19707,583,140+2.39%
19809,597,393+2.38%
199111,855,157+1.94%
200013,066,910+1.09%
201014,016,906+0.70%
201715,344,447+1.30%
source:[27]

According to

Black people (22.4%), 83,658 Amerindian people (0.6%).[29]

According to Instituto Socioambiental, there are 14 Indigenous groups in the state: Atikum, Kaimbé, Kantaruré, Kiriri, Pankaru, Pankararé, Pataxó, Pataxó Hã-ha- hãe, Payayá, Truká, Tumbalalá, Tupinambá, Tuxá and Xukuru-Kariri.[30]

Historically, the population was estimated at 1.45 million in the 1870s[12] and was 1.92 million at the time of the 1890 Brazilian census.[19]

Public Safety

Bahia has one of the highest crime rates in the country, having four of the ten most violent cities in Brazil.[31] Gun violence in the state more than doubled from 2004 to 2014, ranking first out of the 26 states of Brazil.[32] In 2014, the state also had the highest number of murders in the country.[33][34]






Largest cities

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Bahia
Rank
Mesoregion
Pop. Rank
Mesoregion
Pop.
1
Salvador
Salvador 2,902,927 11 Alagoinhas Nordeste 153,560 Vitória da Conquista
Vitória da Conquista
Camaçari
Camaçari
2 Feira de Santana Centro-Norte 612,000 12 Barreiras Extremo Oeste 152,208
3 Vitória da Conquista Centro-Sul 340,199 13 Porto Seguro Sul 143,282
4 Camaçari Salvador 281,413 14 Simões Filho Salvador 131,630
5 Itabuna Sul 218,925 15 Paulo Afonso São-Franciscana 118,323
6 Juazeiro São-Franciscana 216,588 16 Eunápolis Sul 112,032
7 Lauro de Freitas Salvador 188,013 17 Santo Antônio de Jesus Salvador 100,550
8 Ilhéus Sul 182,350 18 Valença Sul 96,507
9 Jequié Centro-Sul 161,150 19 Candeias Salvador 88,308
10 Teixeira de Freitas Sul 155,659 20 Guanambi Centro-Sul 85,237

Education

Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia.

Educational institutions

  • Centro Universitário da Bahia[36] (FIB) (University Centre of Bahia);
  • Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP) (Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health);
  • Federal do Vale do São Francisco[37] (UNIVASF) (Foundation Federal University of São Francisco Valley);
  • Instituto Federal da Bahia[38] (IFBA);
  • Instituto Federal Baiano[39] (IFBAIANO);
  • Universidade Católica de Salvador[40] (UCSal) (Catholic University of Salvador);
  • Universidade do Estado da Bahia
    (UNEB) (Bahia State University);
  • Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana[41]
    (UEFS) (State University of Feira de Santana);
  • Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz[42] (UESC) (State University of Santa Cruz);
  • Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia[43] (Uesb) (State University of Southwest of Bahia);
  • Universidade Federal da Bahia
    (UFBA) (Federal University of Bahia);
  • Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia[44] (UFRB) (Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia);
  • Universidade Salvador[45] (Unifacs) (Salvador University);
  • and many others.

Culture

Church and Convent of São Francisco in Salvador
Acarajé is a symbol of cuisine from Bahia
European Catholicism
and African religions.
Capoeira in Salvador

As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the

axé, and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa.[citation needed
]

Bahia is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian artists, writers and musicians. Among the noted musical figures born in the state are

]

The city of Salvador is also home to groups known as "blocos-afros", including Olodum, Timbalada, and Ilê Aiyê. Additionally, groups such as Novos Baianos, Chiclete com Banana, Camisa de Vênus, Banda Eva, BaianaSystem are based in Bahia. The first well-known rock'n roll singer in Brazil was also from Bahia. Born Raul Seixas, he was known as "Maluco Beleza" or "Peaceful Lunatic" (being "beleza (beauty)" in this manner means to be either "in peace" or "tranquil").[citation needed]

During the 19th century, one of Brazil's greatest poets, the Bahian abolitionist poet and playwright Castro Alves, a native of the recôncavo city of Cachoeira, penned his poem, Navio negreiro, about slavery; the poem is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian Romanticism and a central anti-slavery text.[citation needed]

Other notable Bahian writers include playwright and screenwriter Dias Gomes, Gregório de Matos, who wrote during the 17th century and was one of the first Brazilian writers, and Fr. António Vieira, who during the colonial period was one of many authors who contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese language throughout the Brazilian territory.[citation needed]

One of Brazil's most prominent writers of the 20th century, Jorge Amado, was born in the southeastern Bahian city of Itabuna, and resided for many years in Salvador. His major novels include Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon; Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands; and Tieta, the Goat Girl, all of which became internationally renowned films. Other notable authors from Bahia include the fiction writers João Ubaldo Ribeiro and historic writer Euclides da Cunha, who wrote "Os Sertões". In the visual and plastic arts, one of the best known Bahian figures was the multigenre artist and

Afro-Brazilian
Museum in Salvador.

Vaqueiros from Bahia, 1810s.
Vaqueiros in Uauá city, Bahia.

In the interior of the state, there is the traditional culture of the vaqueiros among agricultural communities. From the 1550s onward, in Bahia, these farmers were integral to the process of expansion away from the coasts of Brazil.[46]

Tourism and recreation

Beach in Itacaré.
Itaparica
Island.

There is a World Heritage Site in Salvador. Pelourinho was once Salvador's principal red-light district as well as a working-class neighborhood that was home to thousands of Afro-Brazilians.[clarification needed] Since 1992, however, the overwhelming majority of these people have been forcibly removed and replaced by boutiques, NGO headquarters, government offices, folkloric representations, monuments, and amenities for tourists.[47]

Economy

Cotton in Luís Eduardo Magalhães
Cocoa in Ilhéus
Coconut production
Sugarcane in Bahia
Soy plantation in Barreiras

In 2004, Bahia comprised 4.9% of the

soy cultivation has increased substantially in the state.[citation needed
]

During the

First World War.[19] It grew more than the national average, due to the fact that the state was previously below the average level.[citation needed
]

In

beans and cassava, among others.[citation needed
]

In 2017, the Northeast Region was the largest producer of coconut in the country, with 74.0% of national production. Bahia produced 351 million fruits, being the leader in the country. However, the sector has been suffering strong competition and losing market to Indonesia, the Philippines and India, the world's largest producers, who even export coconut water to Brazil. In addition to climatic problems, the low productivity of coconut palms in the Northeast Region is the result of factors related to the variety of coconut harvested and the technological level used in coastal regions. In these areas, the semi-extractive cultivation system still prevails, with low fertility and without the adoption of cultural management practices. The three states that have the largest production, Bahia, Sergipe and Ceará, present a yield three times lower than that of Pernambuco, which is in 5th place in the national production. This is because most of the coconut trees in these three states are located in coastal areas and cultivated in semi-extractivist systems.[48]

In the production of cocoa, for a long time, Bahia led the Brazilian production. Today, it is disputing the leadership of national production with the state of Pará. In 2017 Pará obtained the leadership for the first time. In 2019, people from Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Bahia's cocoa area is practically three times larger than that of Pará, but Pará's productivity is practically three times greater. Some factors that explain this are: the crops in Bahia are more extractivist, and those in Pará have a more modern and commercial style, in addition to paraenses using more productive and resistant seeds, and their region providing resistance to Witch's broom.[49]

Pineapple plantation

In 2018, the Northeast was in 3rd place among the regions that most produce

sugar cane in the country. Brazil is the world's largest producer, with 672.8 million tons harvested this year. The Northeast harvested 45.7 million tons, 6.8% of national production. Alagoas is the largest producer, with 33.3% of Northeastern production (15.2 million tons). Pernambuco is the 2nd largest producer in the Northeast, with 22.7% of the total in the region (10.3 million tons). Paraíba has 11.9% of northeastern production (5.5 million tons) and Bahia, 10.24% of production (4.7 million tons).[50]

Bahia is the 2nd largest producer of cotton in Brazil, losing only to Mato Grosso. In 2019, it harvested 1.5 million tonnes of the product.[51][52][53]

In

soy, Brazil produced close to 120 million tons in 2019, being the largest world producer. In 2019, the Northeast produced close to 10.7 million tons, or 9% of the Brazilian total. The largest producer in the Northeast was Bahia (5.3 million tons).[54]

In the production of maize, in 2018 Brazil was the 3rd largest producer in the world, with 82 million tons. The Northeast produced about 8.4% of the country's total. Bahia was the largest producer in the Northeast, with 2.2 million tons.[55][52]

In 2018, the South Region was the main producer of

beans with 26.4% of the total, followed by the Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The largest producers in the Northeast were Ceará and Bahia.[56][52]

In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Maranhão was the 7th largest producer in the country, with 681 thousand tons. Ceará was 9th, with 622 thousand tons. Bahia was 10th with 610 thousand tons. In total, the northeast produced 3,5 million tons.[57]

Bahia was the 4th largest producer of oranges in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 604 thousand tons, 3,6% of the national production.[58]

Bahia is the second largest fruit producer in the country, with more than 3.3 million tons a year, behind São Paulo. The north of Bahia is one of the main fruit suppliers in the country. The State is one of the main national producers of ten types of fruit. In 2017, Bahia led the production of cajarana, coconut, count fruit or pinecone, soursop, umbu, jackfruit, licuri, mango and passion fruit, and is in second place in cocoa almond, atemoia, cupuaçu, lime and lemon, and third in banana, carambola, guava, papaya, watermelon, melon, cherry, pomegranate and table grapes. In all, 34 products from Bahia's fruit culture have an important participation in the national economy.[59][60]

Rio Grande do Norte is the largest producer of melon in the country. In 2017 it produced 354 thousand tons. The Northeast region accounted for 95.8% of the country's production in 2007. In addition to Rio Grande do Norte, which in 2005 produced 45.4% of the country's total, the other 3 largest in the country were Ceará, Bahia and Pernambuco.[61][62]

In the production of papaya, in 2018 Bahia was the 2nd largest producer state in Brazil, almost equaling with Espírito Santo: 337 thousand tons.[63]

Bahia was the largest producer of mango in the country in 2019, with production of around 281 thousand tons per year. Juazeiro (130 thousand tons per year) and Casa Nova (54 thousand tons per year) are at the top of the list of Brazilian cities that lead the cultivation of fruit.[59]

In the production of banana, in 2018 Bahia was the 2nd largest national producer.[64]

Goats in Araci
Alstom factory in Camaçari
Hydrogen Unit at the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex

Bahia is the largest Brazilian producer of

guaraná. In 2017, Brazilian production was close to 3.3 million tons. Bahia harvested 2.3 million (mainly in the city of Taperoá), Amazonas 0.7 million (mainly in the city of Maués) and the rest of the country, 0.3 million. Despite the fact that the fruit originated in the Amazon, since 1989 Bahia has beaten Amazonas in terms of production volume and guarana productivity, due to the fact that the soil in Bahia is more favorable, in addition to the absence of diseases in the region. The most famous users of the product, however, acquire 90% to 100% of their guarana from the Amazon region, such as Ambev and Coca-Cola. Bahian guarana prices are well below those of other states, but Sudam's tax exemptions lead the beverage industry to prefer to purchase seeds in the North, which helps maintain the highest added value of Amazonian guarana. The pharmaceutical industries and importers, on the other hand, buy more guarana from Bahia, due to the price.[65]

The Northeast region housed 93.2% of the Brazilian goat herd (8,944,461 heads) and 64.2% of the sheep herd (11,544,939 heads) in 2017. Bahia concentrated 30.9% of the goat herd and 20.9% of the national sheep herd. Casa Nova took first place in the municipal ranking with the largest numbers of both species.[66]

In 2017, Bahia had 1.68% of the national mineral participation (4th place in the country). Bahia had production of gold (6.2 tons at a value of R$730 million), copper (56 thousand tons, at a value of R$404 million); chrome (520 thousand tons, at a value of R$254 million) and vanadium (358 thousand tons, at a value of R$91 million).[67]

Bahia had an industrial GDP of R$53.0 billion in 2017, equivalent to 4.4% of the national industry. It employs 356,997 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (24.8%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (15.0%), Petroleum Derivatives and Biofuels (13.8%), Chemicals (9.4%), and Food (6.1%). These 5 sectors concentrate 69.1% of the state's industry.[68]

Bahian

industry
have automobile and tyre industries, footwear and textiles, furniture, food and beverages, cosmetics and perfumes, information technology and naval sectors.

In Brazil, the

GDP
.

Chemical and petrochemical

Bahia's Petrochemical Pole is the largest integrated complex in the Southern Hemisphere, and is the result of R$10 billion in investments, accounting for a third of the state's exports and for nearly half of the industrial production value.

Hydroelectric power plant
in Sobradinho.

Reconcavo Basin

The Reconcavo Basin has been a principal petroleum-producing region, mainly from the

Lower Cretaceous Bahia Supergroup, since 1939 and contains the Agua Grande Field (discovered in 1951 by the Conselho Nacional de Petroleo and producing from the Sergei and Candeias Formations at about 1 km depth and the shallower Ilhas Formation), the Dom Joao Field (discovered in 1947 by the Conselho Nacional de Petroleo and producing from the Sergei Formation at a depth of about 200 m), the Miranga Field (discovered in 1965 by Petrobras producing from the Ilhas Formation at a depth of about 1 km), the Candeias Field (discovered in 1941 by Conselho Nacional de Petroleo and producing from the Candeias Formation at a depth ranging from 690 to 2400 m), the Buracica Field (discovered in 1959 by Petrobras and producing from the Sergi Formation at about 600 m depth), and the Taquipe Field (discovered in 1958 by Petrobras and producing from the Ilhas Formation).[71]

Airport of Ilhéus.

Other market segments

Agribusiness; Footwear; Call Centers; Informatics, Electronics, and Telecommunications; Nautical; Paper and Pulp; Textiles; Plastic Transformation; and Tourism.

Infrastructure

Airports

Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport (SSA)
.

Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport is located in an area of more than 6 million square meters (1,500 acres). It lies 20 km (12 mi) north of downtown Salvador. In 2007, the airport handled 5,920,573 passengers and 91,043 aircraft movements,[72] making it the fifth busiest airport
in Brazil in terms of passengers. It's responsible for more than 30% of passenger movement in northeastern Brazil. Nearly 35,000 people circulate daily through the passenger terminal. The airport generates more than 16,000 direct and indirect jobs, to serve a daily average of over 10,000 passengers, 250 takeoffs and landings of 100 domestic and 16 international flights.

The international airlines are Lufthansa, TAP, United Airlines, American Airlines, Alitália, Air France, Air Europa, Ibéria, Aerolíneas Argentinas, LanChile. In addition to domestic and regional services, the airport has non-stop flights to

Galeão International
.

Bahia also has some smaller modern regional airports like Ilhéus Jorge Amado Airport or Porto Seguro Airport.

Highways

BR-101 highway in Bahia

The state has its transportation based on highways, with few options in other sectors. The main highways in the state are all from the Federal Government:

Also noteworthy is the

BR-030
, which crosses the south of Bahia in an east–west direction.

Ports

Port of Salvador

With cargo volume that grows year after year following the same economic development rhythm implemented in the State, the Port of Salvador, located on the Bay of All Saints, holds status as the port with the highest movement of containers of the North/Northeast and the second-leading fruit exporter in Brazil. The port's facilities operate from 8am to noon and from 1h30am to 5h30pm.

The ability to handle high shipping volume has positioned the port of Salvador for new investments in technological modernization, and the port is noted for implementing a high level of operational flexibility and competitive rates. The goal of port officials is to offer the necessary infrastructure for the movement of goods, while simultaneously meeting the needs of international importers and exporters.

Sports

Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova in Salvador
.

Vitoria played in the Brazilian Championship Serie A (first division/premier league). Bahia has won the two most important football national league: The Taça Brasil in 1959 and the Brazilian Championship Serie A (Campeonato Brasileiro
) in 1988. Vitoria has never been a national champion but was runner up of the Brazilian Serie A in 1993.

Bahia is renowned for its

Pride Fighting Championship and Ultimate Fighting Championship Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira, his twin brother Antônio Rogério Nogueira, and former Ultimate Fighting Championship Heavyweight Champion Junior dos Santos. In the sport of boxing, Bahian native Acelino Freitas has won the WBC belt in the lightweight class. In the Capoeira world, the actor and Capoeira Master, Lateef Crowder dos Santos
is an American born in Salvador, Bahia.

Salvador was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil was the host nation.

Flag

The flag was officially adopted on 11 June 1960. The Bahian flag is influenced by the

separatist movement of Inconfidência Mineira and the 1798 Bahian slave rebellion of the Revolt of the Tailors.[73]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Barickman, Bert Jude. A Bahian counterpoint: Sugar, tobacco, cassava, and slavery in the Recôncavo, 1780-1860 (Stanford University Press, 1998)
  • Baud, Michiel, and Kees Koonings. "Germans and Tobacco in Bahia (Brazil), 1870-1940." Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas 37.1 (2000): 149-176. online
  • Baud, Michiel, and Kees Koonings. "A lavoura dos pobres: Tobacco Farming and the Development of Commercial Agriculture in Bahia, 1870–1930." Journal of Latin American Studies 31.2 (1999): 287-329. online
  • Collins, John F. Revolt of the Saints: Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015); describes the hotly contested restoration of the Pelourinho, or Salvador, Bahia's colonial city center that is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and links these changes to racial politics in Brazil today.
  • Keisha‐Khan, Y. Perry. "The roots of black resistance: Race, gender and the struggle for urban land rights in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil." Social Identities 10.6 (2004): 811-831. online
  • Kraay, Hendrik. Race, state, and armed forces in independence-era Brazil: Bahia, 1790s-1840s (Stanford University Press, 2004) online.
  • Romo, Anadelia A. (2010), Brazil's Living Museum: Race, Reform, and Tradition in Bahia, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press: covers the period from the abolition of slavery in 1888 to the start of Brazil's military regime in 1964.
  • Walker, Timothy. "Slave labor and chocolate in Brazil: the culture of cacao plantations in Amazonia and Bahia (17th–19th Centuries)." Food and Foodways 15.1-2 (2007): 75-106.

External links

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