Bahri Mamluks
Bahri Mamluks | |||||||||
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1250–1382 | |||||||||
Flags according to the Abbasid Caliphate | |||||||||
Capital | Cairo | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 1250 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1382 | ||||||||
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The Bahri Mamluks (
The Bahri Mamluks were of mostly
History
The Mamluks formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517 in Egypt, North Africa, and the Levant—Near East.
Development
In 1250, when the
The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were indirectly helped by the
The Mamluks were powerful cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the
In 1250
Tatars and Mongols
Many
for the first time, before his death in 1277.Sultan
The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299,
Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgarian, Indian, and Abyssinian potentates, as well as the pope, the king of Aragon and the king of France.[34] Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria with the Nile.[33] He died in 1341.
Decline
The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349 Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to Black Death, which is said to have killed many inhabitants.[35][m]
In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan Hajji II was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian Emir Barquq. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up an era where the sultanate was controlled by the Burji Mamluks.[36]
Military organization
On a general level, the military during the Bahri dynasty can be divided into several aspects:
- Mamluks: The core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks (Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local Amirs).
- Al-Halqa: These primarily free born professional forces were also directly under the sultan's command.
- Wafidiyya: Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service; they were well regarded forces.
- Other levies: Primarily Turkomansand other settled Arabs.
List of Bahri Sultans
Regnal name(s) | Personal name | Reign |
---|---|---|
al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil الملکہ عصمہ الدین أم خلیل |
Shajar al-Durr شجر الدر |
1250–1250 |
al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-Salihi الملک المعز عز الدین أیبک الترکمانی الجاشنکیر الصالحی |
Izz-ad-Din Aybak عز الدین أیبک |
1250–1257 |
Sultan Al-Ashraf سلطان الاشرف |
Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa مظفر الدین موسی |
1250–1252[n] |
Sultan Al-Mansur سلطان المنصور |
Nur ad-Din Ali نور الدین علی |
1257–1259 |
Sultan Al-Muzaffar سلطان المظفر |
Sayf ad-Din Qutuz سیف الدین قطز |
1259–1260 |
Sultan Abul-Futuh – سلطان ابو الفتوح Al-Zahir - الظاہر Al-Bunduqdari - البندقداری |
Rukn-ad-Din Baibars I رکن الدین بیبرس |
1260–1277 |
Sultan Al-Sa'id Nasir-ad-Din سلطان السعید ناصر الدین |
Muhammad Barakah Khan محمد برکہ خان |
1277–1279 |
Sultan Al-Adil سلطان العادل |
Badr-al-Din Solamish بدر الدین سُلامش |
1279 |
Al-Mansur – المنصور Al-Alfi - الالفی As-Salehi - الصالحی |
Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun سیف الدین قلاوون |
1279–1290 |
Sultan Al-Ashraf سلطان الاشرف |
Salah-ad-Din Khalil صلاح الدین خلیل |
1290–1293 |
Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1293–1294 (first reign) |
Al-Adil Al-Turki Al-Mughli العادل الترکی المغلی |
Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha زین الدین کتبغا |
1294–1297 |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Husam-ad-Din Lachin حسام الدین لاچین |
1297–1299 |
Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1299–1309 (Second reign) |
Sultan Al-Muzaffar Al-Jashankir سلطان المظفرالجاشنکیر |
Rukn-ad-Din Baibars II رکن الدین بیبرس |
1309 |
Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1309–1340 (Third reign) |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr سیف الدین أبو بکر |
1340–1341 |
Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Ala-ad-Din Kujuk علاء الدین کجک |
1341–1342 |
Sultan Al-Nasir سلطان الناصر |
Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad شھاب الدین أحمد |
1342 |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح |
Imad-ad-Din Ismail عماد الدین إسماعیل |
1342–1345 |
Sultan Al-Kamil سلطان الکامل |
Sayf-ad-Din Shaban I سیف الدین شعبان اول |
1345–1346 |
Sultan Al-Muzaffar سلطان المظفر |
Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I سیف الدین حاجی اول |
1346–1347 |
Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali الناصر أبو المعالی |
Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan بدر الدین الحسن |
1347–1351 (first reign) |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح |
Salah-ad-Din bin Muhammad صلاح الدین بن محمد |
1351–1354 |
Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali Nasir-ad-Din الناصر أبو المعالی ناصر الدین |
Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan بدر الدین الحسن |
1354–1361 (second reign) |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Salah-ad-Din Muhammad صلاح الدین محمد |
1361–1363 |
Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Ma'ali الأشرف أبو المعالی |
Zayn-ad-Din Shaban II زین الدین شعبان ثانی |
1363–1376 |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Ala-ad-Din Ali علاء الدین علی |
1376–1382 |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی |
1382 (first reign) |
Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf-ad-Din Barquq سیف الدین برقوق |
1382–1389[o] |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی |
1389 (second reign) |
Following As-Saleh, the
See also
History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
---|
- Turkic peoples
- Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
- Aybak
- Egypt in the Middle Ages
- Mamluk
- Qalawun complex
- Shajar al-Durr
- List of Sunni dynasties
Notes
- ^ There is another theory about the origin of the name which states that they were called 'Bahariyya' because they came by sea or from over sea.[7]
- Muqattam Hills near Cairo.[10]
- ^ See also Shajar al-Durr and Aybak
- ^ The victory of the Mamluks against the Mongols brought an end to the Ayyubid's claim in Egypt and the Levant . Ayyubid Emirs recognized the Mamluk Sultan as their sovereign.[16]
- ^ Qutuz was assassinated near al-Salihiyah, Egypt. Those murdered him were emir Badr ad-Din Baktut, emir Ons and emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi.[18]
- Al-Zahir Billah. The Caliph took the name al-Mustansir Billah.[19]Though the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo during the Mamluk era legitimated the sovereignty of the Mamluks' Sultans, the Caliphs were actually powerless. However, contrary to the Ayyubids who were to some degree dependent on the Abbasid Chaliph in Baghdad, the fact that the Chaliph lived in Cairo gave the Mamluks independency and full freedom of action.
- ^ See al-Ashraf Khalil
- Kitbugha who was himself of Mongol origin. They resided at the district of al-Hisiniyah in Cairo and many of their women married Mamluk Emirs.[20]
- ^ Cilician Armenia was devastated by Sultan Baibars's commander Qalawun upon the Battle of Mari in 1266. The Principality of Antioch was destroyed by Sultan Baibars in 1268.
- ^ Baibars defeated both the Seljuks and the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan.[24]
- Hethum I, King of Armenia who was captured during the invasion of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1266. During the reign of Baibars' son Solamish, he was the deputy of the Sultan in Damascus. During the reign of Qalawun, Sunqur al-Ashqar proclaimed himself a Sultan while in Damascus, taking the royal name al-Malik al-Kamil. Sunqur al-Ashqar fought a few battles against Sultan Qalawun's Emirs but was pardoned later after he joined Qalawun's army against the Mongols. [26]
- Berke Khan the ruler of the Golden Horde in 1261 [32]
- ^ The Black Death probably began in Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people; there were an estimated 25-50 million deaths in Europe.
- ^ Nominal rule of Ayyubid dynasty under Sultan Al-Ashraf Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa 1250–1254
- Burji dynasty
References
- ISBN 978-1-4408-4041-8.
- ISBN 978-1-119-06857-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.
- ISBN 978-0-292-76190-2.
- ^ Jo Van Steenbergen, "The Mamluk Sultanate as a military patronage state: Household politics and the case of the Qalāwūnid Bayt (1279-1382)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.2 (2013): 189–217.
- ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.
- ^ Shayyal, 110/vol.2
- ^
- Al-Maqrizi, p. 441/vol.1
- Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 647H - Death of as-Sailih Ayyub
- Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 639H
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p.405/vol. 1
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz, p. 327/vol.3
- ^
- Al-Maqrizi pp. 444-494. vol/1
- Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Years 647H - 655H
- Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 646H
- ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.
- ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.
- ^ Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Taking of Aleppo's Castle by the Mongols and new events in the Levant.
- ^ Shayyal, p. 123/vol.2
- ^ Shayyal, p.126/vol.2
- ^
- Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1
- Ibn Taghri/ vol.7
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 519/vol.1
- ^
- Shayyal, p. 132/vol.2
- Ibn Taghri/ vol.7
- Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Murder of al-Malik al-Nasir Yusuf
- ^ Shayyal, p. 144/vol. 2
- ^ a b Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
- ^
- Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/Year 675H- Al-Malik Al-Zahir entering land of the Roum
- Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
- ^
- Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Soldiers entering the land of the Armenians
- Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
- ^ Shayyal, p. 138/vol. 2
- ^ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 697H.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 51, 121, 127, 131-133, 145/vol. 2
- ^
- Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 688H
- Shayyal, p. 165/vol.2
- ^
- Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ 688HYear
- Shayyal, 168/vol. 2
- ^ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 690H
- ^ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 699H
- ^ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 702H
- ^ Shayyal, p. 141/vol2
- ^ a b Shayyal, p. 187/vol. 2
- ^ Shayyal, pp. 187–188 /vol.2
- ^ Shayyal, p.194/vol.2
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, pp.140-142/vol.5
Bibliography
- Abu al-Fida. Tarīkh al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar [Concise History of Humanity].
- Al-Maqrizi (1969). Bohn, Henry G. (ed.). Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk [The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings]. AMS Press.
- Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175-X
- Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895.
- Ayalon, D.: The Mamluk Military Society. London, 1979.
- Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
- Idem in English: History of Egypt, by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954.
- Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, ISBN 977-02-5975-6
External links
- Media related to Bahri dynasty at Wikimedia Commons