Bajaur District
Bajaur District
ضلع باجوڑ باجوړ ولسوالۍ | |
---|---|
Pashto (99.5%)[4] | |
Number of Tehsils | 7 |
Website | bajaur |
Bajaur District (
The district lies on Pakistan's western border, sharing a 52 km border with Afghanistan's Kunar Province, and lies 35 mi (56 km) north of the Torkham border crossing linking Jalalabad and Peshawar. 498 square kilometer miles in size, Bajaur occupies a small mountain basin and is into seven tehsil (subdistricts) with its district headquarters in the town of Khar, in the district's center. According to the 2017 Pakistani census, Bajaur District has a population of 1,090,987.
Geography
Before the 2018 incorporation of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas' (FATA) tribal agencies into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Bajaur Agency was both the northernmost and smallest of the seven tribal agencies, bordering the slightly larger Kurram Agency to its south.
Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide. It lies at a high elevation to the east of the Kunar Valley of Afghanistan from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills. The old road from Afghanistan's Kabul to Pakistan went through Bajaur before a new pass, Khyber Pass, was constructed.
To the south of Bajaur is the district of
Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur; the Khan of Nawagai was previously under the British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road.[5][citation needed]
An interesting feature in the topography is a mountain spur from the Kunar range.
The drainage of Bajaur flows eastwards, starting from the eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the
Jandol, one of the northern valleys of Bajaur, has ceased to be of political importance since the 19th century, when a previous chief, Umra Khan, failed to appropriate himself Bajaur, Dir and a great part of the Kunar valley. It was the active hostility between the Amir of Kabul (who claimed sovereignty of the same districts) and Umra Khan that led, firstly to the demarcation agreement of 1893 which fixed the boundary of Afghanistan in Kunar; and, secondly, to the invasion of Chitral by Umra Khan (who was no party to the boundary settlement), and the siege of the Chitral fort in 1895.[5]
History
Ancient history
The area was the site of the ancient
Alexander the Great
Bajaur casket
The Bajaur casket, also called the Indravarma reliquary, year 63, or sometimes referred to as the Avaca inscription, is an ancient reliquary from the area of Bajaur in ancient Gandhara, in the present-day Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It is dated to around 5-6 CE. It proves the involvement of the Scythian kings of the Apraca, in particular King Indravarman, in Buddhism. The casket is made of schist.
Babur's attack on Bajaur
In 1518, Babur had invested and conquered the fortress of Bajaur, The Gabar-Kot from Sultan Mir Haider Ali Gabari the Jahangirian Sultan and gone on to conquer
Babur justifies this massacre by saying, "the Bajauris were rebels and at enmity with the people of Islam, and as, by heathenish and hostile customs prevailing in their midst, the very name of Islam was rooted out...".[11]
As the Bajauris were rebels and inimical to the people of Islam, the men were subjected to a general massacre and their wives and children were made captive. At a guess, more than 3,000 men met their death. We entered the fort and inspected it. On the walls, in houses, streets and alleys, the dead lay, in what numbers! Those walking around had to jump over the corpses.[12][a]
Princely state
Bajaur was a princely state run by the Nawab of Khar. The Last and most prominent Nawab was Abdul Subhan Khan, who ruled until 1990.[13]
Recent decades
During the Soviet invasion in the 1980s, the area was a critical staging ground for Afghan and local mujahideen to organise and conduct raids. It still hosts a large population of Afghan refugees sympathetic to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a mujahideen leader ideologically close to the Arab militants. Today,[when?] the United States believes militants based in Bajaur launch frequent attacks on American and Afghan troops in Afghanistan.
Counterterrorism
Airstrikes
An aerial attack, executed by the United States targeting Ayman al-Zawahiri, took place in a village in Bajaur Agency on January 13, 2006, killing 18 people.[14] Al-Zawahiri was not found among the dead and the incident led to severe outrage in the area.[citation needed]
On October 30, 2006, 80 people were killed in Bajaur when Pakistani forces attacked a religious school they said was being used as a militant training camp.
Bajaur offensive
This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (February 2024) |
Loi sum is on a strategic location, road come from four sides, (
Media coverage
From 2008 through 2010, Al Jazeera English produced multiple features of the ongoing conflict between Pakistani military forces and Taliban militants in the agency.[24][25][26]
In early 2013, VICE News founder Shane Smith accompanied and documented a raid on suspected Taliban fighters by the Pakistani Frontier Corps' Bajaur Scouts in Bajaur Agency.[27]
Islamic State
As of March 2024, the Islamic State's Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) maintains an operational presence in Bajaur, conducting 4 attacks in 2021, 21 attacks in 2022, and 18 in 2023. The majority of ISIS-K attacks in Bajaur occur in Mamond tehsil, followed by Inayat Kali, Salarzo, and Khar tehsils.[28]
Administrative divisions
Bajaur District is currently subdivided into seven tehsils (subdistricts).[29]
Tehsil | Area | Location |
---|---|---|
Mamund Tehsil | 250 km2 | Northwest |
Salarzai Tehsil | 220 km2 | North-central |
Khar Bajaur Tehsil | 238 km2 | Central and south-central |
Utman Khel Tehsil
|
194 km2 | East |
Nawagai Tehsil
|
216 km2 | West |
Barang Tehsil | 159 km2 | Southeast |
Bar Chamer Kand Tehsil
|
13 km2 | Western tip |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1951 | 320,985 | — |
1961 | 280,200 | −1.35% |
1972 | 364,050 | +2.41% |
1981 | 289,206 | −2.52% |
1998 | 595,227 | +4.34% |
2017 | 1,090,987 | +3.24% |
Sources:[30] |
At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 1,090,987. Bajaur had a sex ratio of 962 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 29.93% - 48.65% for males and 10.97% for females. The entire population was rural. 37.47% of the population was under 10 years of age. 348 (0.03%) people in the district were from religious minorities. Pashto was the predominant language, spoken by 99.21% of the population.[31]
Population
Overall District | Area | 1998 Population | 2017 Population | Population Density | Mean Annual Growth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bajaur District | 1,290 km2 | 595,227 | 1,090,987 | 845.73 per km2 | 3.23% |
Tehsil | Area | 1998 Population | 2017 Population | Population Density | Mean Annual Growth |
Mamund Tehsil | 250 km2 | 168,283 | 311,373 | 1245.49 per km2 | 3.29% |
Salarzai Tehsil | 220 km2 | 141,750 | 267,636 | 1216.53 per km2 | 3.40% |
Khar Bajaur Tehsil | 238 km2 | 116,196 | 246,875 | 1037.29 per km2 | 4.04% |
Utman Khel Tehsil
|
194 km2 | 58,348 | 107,248 | 552.82 per km2 | 3.25% |
Nawagai Tehsil
|
216 km2 | 57,264 | 78,494 | 363.40 per km2 | 1.67% |
Barang Tehsil | 159 km2 | 50,139 | 76,493 | 481.09 per km2 | 2.24% |
Bar Chamer Kand Tehsil
|
13 km2 | 3,247 | 2,868 | 220.62 per km2 | -0.65% |
Source: Pakistani Bureau of Statistics (2017 Pakistan Census) |
Nationality
Bajaur District is 99.73% Pakistani with a relatively small population of inhabitants identifying as of a non-Pakistani nationality.
Gender | Pakistani | Pakistani (%) | Other | Other (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
All | 1,088,028 | 99.73% | 2,959 | 0.27% |
Male | 554,571 | 99.74% | 1,465 | 0.26% |
Female | 533,401 | 99.72% | 1,494 | 0.28% |
Transgender | 56 | 100% | 0 | 0% |
Source: Pakistani Bureau of Statistics (2017 Pakistan Census) |
Tribal affiliation
Bajaur is inhabited near exclusively by
Language
The mother tongue of the majority of Bajauris are expectedly 99.21% Pashto, reflective of the indigenous Pashtun (also 'Pakthtun') population that inhabits much of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK, for which the province derives its name) and eastern Afghanistan. Other residents are first-language Urdu speakers, the national language of Pakistan, while relatively small numbers are native Balochi, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Saraiki, Brahvi (Brahui), and Punjabi speakers.
Overall District | Urdu | Punjabi | Sindhi | Pashto | Balochi | Kashmiri | Saraiki | Hindko | Brahvi | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bajaur District | 4,076 | 455 | 847 | 1,082,357 | 443 | 419 | 414 | 24 | 1,491 | 461 |
Tehsil | Urdu | Punjabi | Sindhi | Pashto | Balochi | Kashmiri | Saraiki | Hindko | Brahvi | Others |
Mamund Tehsil | 1,278 | 116 | 356 | 308,516 | 158 | 157 | 166 | 6 | 510 | 110 |
Salarzai Tehsil | 767 | 77 | 137 | 266,158 | 49 | 63 | 70 | 5 | 278 | 32 |
Khar Bajaur Tehsil | 1,165 | 189 | 129 | 244,493 | 151 | 108 | 86 | 11 | 416 | 127 |
Utman Khel Tehsil
|
408 | 37 | 163 | 106,210 | 61 | 47 | 47 | 0 | 120 | 155 |
Nawagai Tehsil
|
268 | 29 | 35 | 77,982 | 13 | 33 | 23 | 0 | 100 | 11 |
Barang Tehsil | 182 | 7 | 26 | 76,144 | 11 | 10 | 22 | 2 | 63 | 26 |
Bar Chamer Kand Tehsil
|
8 | 0 | 1 | 2,854 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Source: Pakistani Bureau of Statistics (2017 Pakistan Census); Mother tongues only |
Religion
Bajaur District is nearly entirely Muslim with its two smallest tehsils, Barang and Bar Chamer Kand being entirely Muslim while Mamund, Salarzai, Utmal Khel, and Nawagai are 98.98–98.99% Muslim with 13–37 Ahmadis. The Khar Bajaur Tehsil, containing the district's largest settlement and the district headquarters, Khar, contains the largest non-Muslim population with 158 Christians, 53 Ahmadi, and a single Hindu resident, though the tehsil is still 99.91% Muslim.
Overall District | Muslim | Muslim (%) | Christian | Christian (%) | Hindu | Hindu (%) | Ahmadi | Ahmadi (%) | Castes | Castes (%) | Other | Other (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bajaur District | 1,090,639 | 99.97% | 165 | 0.02% | 1 | ~0% | 149 | 0.01% | 15 | ~0% | 18 | ~0% |
Tehsil | Muslim | Muslim (%) | Christian | Christian (%) | Hindu | Hindu (%) | Ahmadi | Ahmadi (%) | Castes | Castes (%) | Other | Other (%) |
Mamund Tehsil | 311,324 | 99.98% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 37 | 0.01% | 6 | ~0% | 3 | ~0% |
Salarzai Tehsil | 267,602 | 99.99% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 31 | 0.01% | 2 | ~0% | 1 | ~0% |
Khar Bajaur Tehsil | 246,644 | 99.91% | 158 | 0.06% | 1 | ~0% | 53 | 0.02% | 5 | ~0% | 14 | 0.01% |
Utman Khel Tehsil
|
107,231 | 99.98% | 2 | ~0% | 0 | 0% | 13 | 0.01% | 2 | ~0% | 0 | 0% |
Nawagai Tehsil
|
78,477 | 99.98% | 2 | ~0% | 0 | 0% | 15 | 0.02% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Barang Tehsil | 76,493 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Bar Chamer Kand Tehsil
|
2,868 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Source: Pakistani Bureau of Statistics (2017 Pakistan Census) |
Governance and politics
Constituents of Bajaur District are politically represented locally through elected union councils, town governments, and tehsil governments. The district government includes a deputy commissioner, additional deputy commissioner, two assistant commissionars, tehsildars (heads of tehsil), district agricultural officer, district educational officer, medical superintendent, district coordination officer, assistant director for local government, and district population welfare officer.[32]
Provincial Assembly Members
At the provincial level, constituents are represented by the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, an elected unicameral legislature of 145 seats in the provincial capital of Peshawar, with 115 general seats, 26 reserved for women, and 4 reserved for non-Muslims.
12th Provincial Assembly
The 8 February 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election, based on the results of a 2023 digital census, granted Bajaur District a fourth seat in the Provincial Assembly. Due to the controversial national ban on the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party, PTI electoral candidates, including the winner of the PK-19 Bajaur-I constituency, were forced to run as independent candidates. The elections appointed Hamid Ur-Rehman, Wahid Gul, and Sardar Khan to represent Bajaur District in the 12th Provincial Assembly which secured a PTI (independent) majority with 68.5% of provincial assembly seats.
A PTI candidate for the new PK-22 Bajaur-IV constituency election, Rehan Zeb Khan, was shot and killed by an ISIS-K attacker while in his car in a market in Bajaur District, leading to the postponement of that constituency's election, as well as in NA-8.[33]
Constituency | Elected Member | Party Affiliation | Votes | Contender | Contender Party Affiliation | Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PK-19 Bajaur-I | Hamid Ur-Rehman | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf* | 23,044 | Khalid Khan | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf* | 13,571 |
PK-20 Bajaur-II | Wahid Gul | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan |
13,039 | Anwar Zeb Khan | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf* | 12,903 |
PK-21 Bajaur-III | Sardar Khan | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan |
16,844 | Ajmal Khan | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf* | 15,713 |
PK-22 Bajaur-IV | Election postponed due to ISIS-K assassination of PTI (independent) candidate Rehan Zeb Khan[33] |
11th Provincial Assembly
Constituency | Member | Age | Date of Birth | Religion | Education | Profession | Party Affiliation | Term Start | Term End |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PK-100 Bajaur-I | Anwar Zeb Khan | 53 | 3 April 1970 | Islam | Unknown | Landlord | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 27 August 2019 | 18 January 2023 |
PK-101 Bajaur-II | Ajmal Khan | 54 | 15 January 1970 | Islam | B.S. Civil Engineering | Business | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 27 August 2019 | 18 January 2023 |
PK-102 Bajaur-III | Siraj Uddin | 62 | 6 June 1961 | Islam | B.A. Unknown Major | Unknown | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan |
27 August 2019 | 18 January 2023 |
National Assembly Members
A PTI candidate for the NA-8 constituency election, Rehan Zeb Khan, was shot and killed by an ISIS-K attacker while in his car in a market in Bajaur District, leading to the postponement of that constituency's election, as well as in PK-22.[33]
16th National Assembly (2024–Present) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Constituency | Candidate | Party Affiliation | Term Start | Term End |
NA-8 Bajaur | Gul Zafar Khan (Incumbent) | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf* | Election postponed until 21 April 2024 | |
Shahabuddin Khan | Pakistan Muslim League (N) | |||
Sayed Akhundzada Chattan | Pakistan People's Party | |||
Sahibzada Haroon ur-Rashid | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
| |||
Shaukatullah Khan | Independent | |||
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf* | ||||
15th National Assembly (2018–2023) | ||||
Constituency | Elected Member | Party Affiliation | Term Start | Term End |
NA-40 Tribal Area-I | Gul Dad Khan | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 13 August 2018 | 9 August 2023 |
NA-41 Tribal Area-II | Gul Zafar Khan | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 13 August 2018 | 9 August 2023 |
14th National Assembly (2013–2018) | ||||
NA-43 Bajaur | Bismillah Khan | Independent | 1 June 2013 | 31 May 2018 |
NA-44 Bajaur | Shahabuddin Khan | Pakistan Muslim League (N) | 1 June 2013 | 31 May 2018 |
13th National Assembly (2008–2013) | ||||
NA-43 Bajaur | Shaukatullah Khan | Independent | 17 March 2008 | 8 April 2013 |
NA-44 Bajaur | Akhundzada Chitan | Independent | 17 March 2008 | 16 March 2013 |
12th National Assembly (2002–2007) | ||||
NA-43 Bajaur | Sheikh Alhadees Maulana Muhammad Sadiq | Independent | 16 November 2002 | 15 November 2007 |
NA-44 Bajaur | Sahibzada Haroon ur-Rashid | Independent | 16 November 2002 | 15 November 2007 |
11th National Assembly (1997–1999) | ||||
NA-32 Tribal Area VI | Haji Lal Karim | Independent | 15 February 1997 | 14 October 1999 |
10th National Assembly (1993–1996) | ||||
NA-32 Tribal Area VI | Bismillah Khan | Independent | 15 October 1993 | 5 November 1996 |
9th National Assembly (1990–1993) | ||||
NA-32 Tribal Area VI | Haji Lal Karim | Independent | 3 November 1990 | 18 July 1993 |
8th National Assembly (1988–1990) | ||||
NA-32 Tribal Area VI | Bismallah Khan | Independent | 30 November 1988 | 6 August 1990 |
7th National Assembly (1985–1988) | ||||
NA-32 Tribal Area VI | Abdul Subhan Khan | Independent | 20 March 1985 | 29 May 1988 |
6th National Assembly (1977–1977) | ||||
NA-32 Tribal Area VI | Abdul Subhan Khan | Independent | 28 March 1977 | 5 July 1977 |
5th National Assembly (1972–1977) | ||||
NW-25 Tribal Area VII | Abdul Subhan Khan | Independent | 14 April 1972 | 10 January 1977 |
Notes: NW denotes West Pakistan before Bangladeshi (East Pakistan) independence |
Education
In Bajaur, the total number of SSC-level schools registered with Malakand Board are 150 (61 government-run, 89 private-run). The number of HSSC-level colleges are 56 (18 government-run, 38 private-run).[34]
Education rank
In district school education rank of Pakistan, the position of is going downward, according to the Alif Ailaan ranking, the rank of Bajaur in 2014,[35] 2015[36] and 2016[37] is the following
Rank/Position | District/Agency | Province/Territory | Education Score | Enrolment score | Learning score | Retention score | Gender Parity score |
47(2014) | Bajaur
|
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 74.10 | 75.00 | 94.77 | 80.57 | 46.08 |
99(2015) | Bajaur
|
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 57.43 | 59.59 | 34.32 | 63.25 | 72.56 |
131(2016) | Bajaur
|
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 42.42 | 52.80 | 36.57 | 20.00 | 60.32 |
Tourism
Bajaur is located near
Koh-i-Mor
Koh-i-Mor is the highest peak in Bajaur. It is also called three peak mountain. Its top is covered with snow in winter and clouds are touching its peak. The peak of Koh-i-Mor is visible from the Peshawar valley when there is no clouds or Haze.
It is an historical mountain, its history is found two thousands year back, here at the foot of the Koh-i-mor mountain, that Alexander the Great founded the ancient city of Nysa and the Nysaean colony, traditionally said to have been founded by Dionysus. The Koh-i-Mor has been identified as the Meros of Arrian's history—the three-peaked mountain from which the god issued
For hiking, like Jahaz Banda and Fairy meadow, kon-I-mor is the best, it is about four hours trekking non-local and two and a half for locals. On the way you will see a lot of variation. In some places you will pass through thick forest of fine trees, some places have shrubs, and some place you will see some different kinds of trees.
People are living in koh-i-mor up-to near the top. These people have simple houses with a single room, there is no extra boundary wall. Rooms are made like caves in mountain. Majority of them are shepherds.
Chenarran (platane Orientalis)
At the base of Koh-i-Mor a lot of chenar trees along with spring. Locals people are coming here and enjoy the nature, making their own cooking, some have load speakers, music, etc. majority people come along with their families.
Gabar Chenna
It is situated in Tehsil
Charmang Hill
The Charmang hills in Bajaur are covered with pine trees and also the roads is made up to top of hill.[citation needed] The road goes on top of hill from bottom to top. In winter, the whole mountain is covered with snow for months.[citation needed]
Raghagan DAM
Raghagan Dam is situated in Tehsil Salarzai. It a tourist spot nowadays. Boats are present here for tourists.
Economy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Agriculture
Bajaur is a semi-independent in agriculture field, The soil is fertile but the no proper irrigation system. Harvest Crops; People grow wheat, maze and rices in some areas. All the crops is mainly dependent on rain. Vegetable and Fruits; The different types of vegetables are growing in Bajaur. Potato, tomato, onion, lady fingers, spinach, and orange parsimon, etc
Marble
Marbles are found in various regions, mainly in Inzari and Nawagai. There are different types of marble supper white, Badle etc. In the local areas are marble factories, cut to into different sizes of the base of demand, and supply to all over the country and even abroad.
Marble factory
The marble cutting factories are found in Shaikh kali and Umary. The supply to the factories of marble mainly from the local mountains and they also bring the marble from ambar and Zairat. These different types and variety of marble then supply all over the country
Nephrite
Nephrite (jade) is the precious stone, Rs 3000–5000 per kg. The mines are found in Inzari and some area in Utmankhail tehsil. It exports mainly to China, The Chinese thought so too, and for thousands of years, nephrite articles had a special value and signature and skilled artisans carved increasingly intricate designs. Maybe because it was so rare in China, yet useful for its toughness, nephrite became the status symbol of the rulers, considered imperial stone.
Olives and olive oil
The KPK government has started olive production projects in the Bajaur district. Previously, many wild olive trees are present in the area having no such importance. They use agricultural techniques to convert these wild trees into more farmer friendly and productive plants. With new projects of planting olive trees on more than 150000 acres of land, the Bajaur district will be the olive hub of Pakistan.[38] Moreover, the district administration has installed olive oil extraction machine for locals. this machine started producing olive oil this year. More than 200 kg of oil has been extracted which is just a beginning. In coming years you will see huge transformation. These projects will change the fate and economical status of the district. The locals will have more new employment opportunities cause reduction in unemployment in the tribal area.
Gallery
See also
- Bajaur Campaign
- 1961 Pakistani Bombing of Batmalai
- Damadola airstrike of January 13, 2006
- Chenagai airstrike of October 30, 2006
- Bajaur offensive
- Kakazai
- Salarzai
Notes
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) stated that "The Gazetteers and Reports of the Indian government contain nearly all the modern information available about Bajour. The autobiography of Baber (by Leyden and Erskine) gives interesting details about the country in the 16th century. For the connexion between the Kafirs and the ancient Nysaeans of Swat, see R. G. S. Journal, vol. vii., 1896" (Holdich 1911).
References
- ^ "KP Minister inaugurates IT skills training center at Qadafi". Pakistan Observer. 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ Historical and administrative profile of the Bajaur Agency (.fata.gov.pk)
- ^ "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017)". www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ PCO 1998, p. 18.
- ^ a b Holdich 1911.
- ^ Hill, John E. (2015-03-18). "Appendix G". Through the Jade Gate - China to Rome'. Vol. II (2nd ed.). pp. 65–75.
- ^ Yu, Taishan (1998). A Study of Saka History. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 80. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania. p. 160.
- ISBN 978-1-60384-333-1.
- ISBN 978-1-61458-255-7.
- ^ a b c Chandra, p. 22.
- ^ Chandra, p. 23.
- ^ Babur, p. 207.
- ^ "About us/district profile". Deputy Commissioner Bajaur. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "Pakistani elders killed in blast". BBC. 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ^ Khan, M Ilyas (2006-10-30). "'Shock and awe' on Afghan border". BBC. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ^ "Pakistan's Tribal Areas". New York, NY, USA: Council on Foreign Relations. 2007-10-26. Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
- ^ "Suicide bomber attacks policemen". BBC. 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ^ Khan, Hasbanullah (AFP) (August 8, 2008). "Bajaur battle kills 10 troops, 25 militants". Daily Times. Lahore, Pakistan. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
- ^ a b c d Cogan, James (August 23, 2008). "Military offensive displaces 300,000 in north-west Pakistan". Oak Park, MI, USA: World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
- ^ Sappenfield, Mark (2008-09-24). "U.S. and Pakistan: different wars on terror". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA, USA.
- ^ Anthony, Augustine (2008-08-21). "Blasts near Pakistan arms plant kill 59". London, UK: Reuters. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ "Pakistan: 100 die in 'Taliban' suicide bombings". CNN International. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- Pakistan Herald Publications.
- ^ Strategic town of Bajaur is in Pakistan hands - 26 Oct 08. Al Jazeera English. 26 October 2008.
- ^ Pakistan 'takes over' Taliban base in Bajaur. Al Jazeera English. 3 March 2010.
- ^ Battle for Bajaur tests Pakistan - 29 Sept 2008. Al Jazeera English. 29 September 2008.
- ^ Smith, Shane (19 April 2013). World's Most Dangerous Border: Bajaur Raid (VICE on HBO Ep. #2 Extended) (Television production).
- ^ Islamic State an-Naba Newsletter; Issues #305–#432
- ^ "DISTRICT AND TEHSIL LEVEL POPULATION SUMMARY WITH REGION BREAKUP" (PDF). pbscensus.gov. 2018-03-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- ^ "Population by administrative units 1951-1998" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017)". www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ "Bajaur: Information Directory". Deputy Commissioner Bajaur.
- ^ a b c Saifi, Sophia (1 February 2024). "Pakistan election candidate shot dead as violence escalates ahead of nationwide vote". CNN.
- ^ "BISE Malakand - Registered Institutions". bisemalakand.edu.pk. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ^ Saeed Memon, Asif; Saman Naz, SDPI; Alif Ailaan (2015). "ALIF AILAAN PAKISTAN DISTRICT EDUCATION RANKINGS 2015" (PDF). PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Alif Ailaan (2014). "Pakistan District Education Rankings" (PDF). PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
- ^ Saman Naz; Saeed Memon, Asif; Minhaj ul Haque; Umar Nadeem; Ghamae Jama; Aleena Khan (2016). "PAKISTAN DISTRICT EDUCATION RANKINGS 2016" (PDF). PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2022.
- ^ "From Terrorists Hub to the Olive Oil Producing Hub, A Story of Bajaur". 31 October 2020.
References
- Babur, Zahir Uddin Muhammad, Babur-Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur, Penguin
- Chandra, Satish, Medieval India (Part two), pp. 22–23
- Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies
- 1998 Census report of Bajaur Agency. Census publication. Vol. 137. Islamabad: Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. 2001.
- Attribution
- public domain: Holdich, Thomas Hungerford (1911). "Bajour". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the