Bakenranef

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Bakenranef
Bocchoris
Shebitqo, Upper Kingdom Pharaoh)
Royal titulary
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
Wahkare
Constant is the Heart of Re
M23L2
N5V29D28
Nomen
Bakenranef
Servant in his name
G39N5
G29V31
n		 r&n&f
Dynasty
24th Dynasty (Western Delta)

Bakenranef, known by the

Apis Bull burial stela. It establishes that Bakenranef's reign ended only at the start of his 6th regnal year which, under the Egyptian dating system, means he had a reign of 5 full years. Bakenranef's prenomen or royal name, Wahkare, means "Constant is the Spirit of Re" in Egyptian.[3]

Literary sources

Manetho is the source for two events from Bakenranef's reign. The first is the story that a

21st Dynasty
.

Bay of Naples
." Ischia was the earliest of eighth-century BC Greek colonies in Italy.

The Roman historian

Jewish nation
:

Most writers, however, agree in stating that once a disease, which horribly disfigured the body, broke out over Egypt; that king Bocchoris, seeking a remedy, consulted the oracle of Hammon, and was bidden to cleanse his realm, and to convey into some foreign land this race detested by the gods. The people, who had been collected after diligent search, finding themselves left in a desert, sat for the most part in a stupor of grief, till one of the exiles, Moses by name, warned them not to look for any relief from God or man, forsaken as they were of both, but to trust to themselves, taking for their heaven-sent leader that man who should first help them to be quit of their present misery. They agreed, and in utter ignorance began to advance at random. Nothing, however, distressed them so much as the scarcity of water, and they had sunk ready to perish in all directions over the plain, when a herd of wild asses was seen to retire from their pasture to a rock shaded by trees. Moses followed them, and, guided by the appearance of a grassy spot, discovered an abundant spring of water. This furnished relief. After a continuous journey for six days, on the seventh they possessed themselves of a country, from which they expelled the inhabitants, and in which they founded a city and a temple.

— Tacitus, Histories, 5.3

Shebitqo deposed and executed Bakenranef by burning him alive at the stake. This effectively ended the short-lived 24th Dynasty of Egypt as a potential rival to the Nubian 25th Dynasty. Although the Manethonic and classical traditions maintain that it was Shebitqo's invasion which brought Egypt under Kushite rule, the king burning his opponent, Bocchoris-Bakenranef, alive, there is no direct evidence that Shebitqo did slay Bakenranef, and although earlier scholarship generally accepted the tradition, it has recently been treated more sceptically.[5]

Legal reforms

King Bakenranef has been credited with initiating a

Hecateus of Abdera. It is possible that Hecateus invented the story in order to support an ideological debate over debt slavery in Greek society.[7]

Contemporary records

Despite the importance implied by these writers, few contemporary records of Bakenranef have survived. The chief inscription of his reign concerns the death and burial of an

stelae that Auguste Mariette recovered while excavating the Serapeum of Saqqara. In a tomb in Tarquinia in Italy was found an inscribed vase with his names
.

References

  1. decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics
    has permitted the reconstruction of his authentic Egyptian name.
  2. ^ Manetho, frags. 64, 65; translation in W.G. Waddell, Manetho (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1997), p. 165
  3. ISBN 978-0500050743
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0713999808
    .
  5. ISBN 9783447041393
    .
  6. doi:10.1163/187416608786121293
    .
  7. ^ Markiewicz, Tomasz (2005). "Security for debt in the demotic papyri". Journal of Juristic Papyrology. 35: 141–167.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bakenranef.
Preceded by
24th Dynasty
 Succeeded by
Conquered by
Shebitqo
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