Slavs in Lower Pannonia

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Balaton Principality
)
Slavic migration and settlement during the Early Middle Ages, including the region of Pannonia.

Pannonian plain that lie to the east and south of the river Rába
, with the division into Upper and Lower inherited from the Roman terminology.

From the middle of the 6th to the end of the 8th century, the region was under the domination of the

Frankish Empire, which lasted until the Magyar conquest (c. 900).[1][2][3]

During the Frankish period, the region of Lower Pannonia was governed by local Slavic rulers, who were under the suzerainty of Frankish kings. Within the Frankish administrative system, the March of Pannonia was created, with direct Frankish rule exercised in Upper Pannonia through Frankish counts, while Lower Pannonia was governed as a principality by local Slavic princes, under the supreme Frankish rule. During the 9th century, Frankish domination in Lower Pannonia was also contested by the Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia.[1][2][4]

By the 10th century, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin effectively split the Slavic communities in the region in two, leading to the formation of the West Slavs and the South Slavs.

Background

Pannonia was the name of Roman provinces in the area.

Roman rule in

Pannonian Plain (568). Although it is possible that some small Proto-Slavic groups could have arrived in the "middle of the 5th century and the time of Hunnish domination",[5] during the 6th and 7th centuries, Pannonian regions were certainly inhabited by Slavs, who were under the Avarian rule.[6][7]

Principality

Principality of Lower Pannonia
Balaton Principality
Late 8th/Early 9th century–895
Blatnohrad
Religion
GovernmentPrincipality
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Established
Late 8th/Early 9th century
• Disestablished
895
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Avar Khaganate
White Croatia
Kingdom of Croatia
Principality of Hungary

During the

Wonomyrus Sclavus (Vojnomir the Slav or Zvonomir the Slav) active in 795. Eric, Duke of Friuli, sent Vojnomir with his army into Pannonia, between the Danube and Tisza, where they pillaged the Avars' dominions. The next year the Avars were defeated and Frankish power was extended further east, to the central Danube.[8] In the mid-9th century, Lower Pannonia was already inhabited by a Slavic majority (besides "Pannonian Slavs" including Dulebes and possibly some Croats[9]),[10] and Christian Avars were also found in Lower Pannonia in 873.[11]

After the destruction of the Avarian state, Pannonian Slavs came under the Frankish rule. Initially, local Slavic princes were under Frankish suzerainty, within the

Latin: Siscia), former metropolis of ancient Roman province Pannonia Savia.[18][19] However, the exact boundaries of his principality are uncertain as the term of Lower Pannonian could have implied both the lands between the river Drava and Sava as well as north of them and east of them in the former Roman province Pannonia Secunda (today's Syrmia).[15] Possibly his rule expanded further to the east because in the historical sources is said to have been joined by the tribe of Timočani who lived around Timok Valley (in today's eastern Serbia). The size of the principality had to be proportional to the resources needed to rebel against the military forces of Borna of Dalmatia and Franks.[16]

After Ljudevit's failed uprising and death,[20] in 827 the Bulgars under Great Khan Omurtag invaded and conquered Lower Pannonia and parts of Frankish territories to the north.[21][22] They also installed their own governors.[23] The Bulgarian-Frankish conflict was probably spurred over the control of the tribes of Timočani and Abodrites.[23] German King Louis in 828 made a counterattack and eventually March of Friuli was divided into four counties. One of them probably was early Duchy of Croatia (which also expanded upon the territory of Sisak[24]) while Pannonia again became part of the Pannonian March, both of which vassals to East Francia.[23] The next year Bulgars made another attack but without further success, although the territory of Pannonia most probably lost its eastern part to the First Bulgarian Empire.[23]

After that, in 838 a local Slavic prince

Methodius was active in Lower Pannonia,[33] and to the same period is dated Pope John VIII's letter to uncertain dux Mutimir, commonly considered to be Mutimir of Serbia,[a] about the formation of the Diocese of Pannonia with the seat in Sirmium and which archbishop at Kocel's request was Methodius (see also Archbishopric of Moravia).[34]

The course of events by the end of the 9th century is unclear. Although still under the Frankish influence, a new threat was coming from

Frankish–Moravian War, and in 895 or 896 Arnulf handed over Pannonia to him in order to secure the Frankish frontier against a new threat - the Hungarians who conquered Great Moravia.[36][37] However, the Hungarians subsequently overran all of Pannonian Basin and continued into Kingdom of Italy.[38][39]

Aftermath

Following the rise of the

Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary it retained partial autonomy having governor titled as Ban of Slavonia.[44]

Archaeology

The population's inhumation practices and rituals differed and mixed upon various cultural and ethnic influences.

Ipotesti–Candesti culture with some Martinovka culture artifacts.[49] According to M. Guštin and L. Bekić, radiocarbon dating confirmed dating to late 6th and early 7th century, but although the Pannonian and near Alpine Slavs material culture had features of both Korchak and Penkovka-type, predominates Korchak-type with parallels in northern Slovenia, Austria and Hungary (among others from western Slovakia and Czechia's region of Moravia up to Ukraine, Poland, eastern Germany and Romania), indicating mostly migration to northern Croatia through the Moravian Gate between eastern Austria and western Hungary, but not excluding another migration wave from Lower and Middle Danube, upstream of the river Sava and Drava.[50][51][52][53] Later they also assimilated Hungarians whose elite burials are distinguished by Eastern[clarification needed] artifacts, but eventually through the administrative system were linguistically assimilated by the Hungarians themselves.[54] In the 10th century, a so-called Bijelo Brdo culture was formed due to interaction with the Hungarians, located in the area of Podunavlje.[55]

According to the craniometrical measurements and archaeological findings early Croats probably did not initially settle in Lower Pannonia and their relationship with Pannonian Slavs was more political rather than ethnic.[56] Others argue that the "Bijelo Brdo and Vukovar cemeteries can hardly be regarded evidence of a pre-Croatian Slavic population in northern Croatia" and they rather "represent a population fleeing the Magyars" during the 10th century".[57] Those Slavs who migrated to the territory of present-day Lower and Upper Austria, first already during the time of Langobards as carriers of Prague-Korchak culture while majority from 7th and 8th century belonged to Avaro-Slavic culture, were assimilated by the Bavarians until the end of the 12th century.[58]

In Croatian historiography

Contemporary Latin sources referred to the region as Pannonia inferior (Lower Pannonia),[35][59] and its inhabitants in general terms of Slavs and Pannonians.[15] Nevertheless a whole century under the foreign Frankish rule there did not emerge a single gens with a specific identity for the population.[38] In the 19th and 20th century Croatian historiography, the focus was usually placed on the polity between the rivers Drava and Sava. They referred to the polity as Pannonian Croatia (Croatian: Panonska Hrvatska), to describe this entity in a manner that emphasized its Croatian nature, mainly based on De Administrando Imperio (DAI) chapter 30.[60] While DAI claims that a part of the Dalmatian Croats had moved into Pannonia in the 7th century and ruled over it, some modern analysis of sources indicate this was unlikely. Nevertheless, according to Croatian historian Hrvoje Gračanin, the traditions and language of the Slavs of southern Pannonia did not differ from those in Dalmatia, so during the periods when Frankish sources did not record a specific ruler of Lower Pannonia, it is possible that the Croatian dukes of Dalmatia, who were also Frankish vassals at the time, extended control over the region.[60] The Croat name was not used in contemporary sources, until the late 9th century, rendering the name anachronistic before then,[60][61] but many toponyms deriving from the Croatian ethnonym are very old and at least from the period between 11th and 12th century.[62] While the term "Croat" was not used in sources about Pannonia, the rulers of the Trpimirović dynasty after Trpimir called themselves the rulers of the Croats and of the Slavs.[63] Since "Pannonian Croatia" politically and ethnically never existed, being a historiographical and not historical term, it is abandoned in modern Croatian historiography which uses instead the term "Donja Panonija" (Lower Pannonia).[64][65][66]

Rulers

The continuity of Slavic rulers in Lower Pannonia is unclear, and they were not consistently part of a ruling dynasty, unlike those in the north (

House of Trpimir
).

Monarch Reign
Vojnomir ca. 790–810

Ljudevit
ca. 810–823
Ratimir ca. 829–838

Pribina
ca. 846–861

Kocel
ca. 861–876
Braslav ca. 882–896

See also

Annotations

  1. Muncimir of Croatia (c. 892–910) and possibly unknown Mutimir who ruled in the region of Syrmia as a vassal of the First Bulgarian Empire.[34]

References

  1. ^ a b Bowlus 1995.
  2. ^ a b Goldberg 2006.
  3. ^ Luthar 2008.
  4. ^ Betti 2013.
  5. ^ Gračanin 2008b, pp. 13–54.
  6. ^ Barker 1966, pp. 214–215.
  7. ^ Budak 2018, p. 61–63, 71–72.
  8. ^ Luthar 2008, pp. 94–95.
  9. ^ Filipec 2015, pp. 29–30, 337:To je vrlo teško dokazivo, ali nije isključeno da su Hrvati, uz druge neimenovane etničke skupine koje su migrirale pod Avarima bili značajnija etnička grupa i u tom području. U Karpatskoj kotlini spominju se, recimo, Du(d)lebi ... jedini imenom posvjedočeni etnik (uz opće nazive za Avare, Slavene, Romane, Germane ili Hune, kao i pokrajinska imena Noričane ili Panonce) u Panoniji 9. st. Također je zanimljivo da se oni, prema kasnijim povijesnim izvorima, spominju u južnoj Češkoj i u Prekomurju i uz dolinu rijeke Kerke, a još poslije nalazi se toponim južno od rijeke Drave (Dulepska u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji). Spominju se nadalje Hrvati u Karantaniji, odnosno Koruškoj (u 10. st.), Češkoj i Poljskoj (od 10. st.), Galiciji (u 12. st.) i nekadašnjoj rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji učestalo od 9. st., ako izuzmemo De administrando imperio (dalje u tekstu DAI) u kojem su zabilježena zbivanja iz 7. st. iako je pisan u drugoj polovini 10. st., a u Panoniji (od 10 st.).29 Sve su to poprilično kasni izvori, ali se ipak prema njima, koliko-toliko, mogu rekonstruirati kretanje, grananje i naseljavanje hrvatskog etnika uz rub Karpatske kotline. Vrlo vjerojatno su Hrvati bili prisutni i u Posavlju i u Panoniji, no izvori ih ne spominju, a sačuvani toponimi najvećim su dijelom nastali u razvijenom srednjem vijeku (polako se pojavljuju poslije sredine 12., a ponajviše poslije sredine 13. st.), kad uopće počinje pisana povijest tog dijela zemlje ... Stanovništvo Panonije bilo je heterogenog sastava; uz Slavene („panonske Slavene“, Hrvate i Duljebe), Avare, Bugare i ostatke Romana treba računati s bavarskim doseljenicima. Slaveni nesumnjivo čine većinu.
  10. ^ Belgrade (Serbia). Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske narodne armije (1968). Fourteen Centuries of Struggle for Freedom. Military Museum. p. xiv. Lower Pannonia In the middle of the ninth century, the Pannonian Slavs constituted the majority of the population of Lower Pannonia.
  11. ^ Karl Heinrich Menges (1953). An Outline of the Early History and Migrations of the Slavs. Department of Slavic Languages, Columbia University. p. 28. Christian Avars are still mentioned under the year 873 as found in Lower Pannonia.
  12. ^ a b c Luthar 2008, p. 105.
  13. ^ Pertz 1845, p. 75.
  14. ^ Scholz 1970, p. 104.
  15. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 180.
  16. ^ a b Budak 2018, p. 180–181.
  17. ^ Budak 2018, p. 181.
  18. ^ Pertz 1845, p. 835.
  19. ^ Scholz 1970, p. 111.
  20. ^ Budak 2018, p. 181–182.
  21. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 91, 06–97.
  22. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 49.
  23. ^ a b c d Budak 2018, p. 182.
  24. ^ Budak 2018, p. 182–183.
  25. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 183.
  26. ^ Budak 2018, p. 138, 183.
  27. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 99–100, 102, 104.
  28. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 83–85.
  29. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 204–220.
  30. ^ Szőke 2007, pp. 411–428.
  31. ^ Škvarna 2002, pp. 19–20.
  32. ^ Szőke 2007, pp. 411.
  33. ^ Budak 2018, p. 139, 184.
  34. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 184.
  35. ^
    Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts
    : 8. Pannonia inferior cum duce Braslao ad officium rediit
  36. ^ Luthar 2008, p. 110–111.
  37. ^ Budak 2018, p. 184–185.
  38. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 185.
  39. ^ Kos, Milko (1960). Istorija Slovenaca od doseljenja do petnaestog veka. Prosveta. p. 129.
  40. ^ a b c Filipec 2015, p. 338.
  41. ^ Budak 2018, p. 142.
  42. Opća enciklopedija JLZ. Zagreb. 1982. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  43. . Retrieved 2012-05-10.
  44. ^ Filipec 2015, p. 338–339.
  45. ^ Budak 2018, p. 178.
  46. ^ Budak 2018, p. 178–179.
  47. ^ Budak 2018, p. 179.
  48. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 412.
  49. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 159–169.
  50. ^ Guštin 2007, p. 292–296.
  51. .
  52. .
  53. .
  54. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 413–420.
  55. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 418–419.
  56. ^ Gračanin 2008a, p. 71–72.
  57. .
  58. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 420–425.
  59. ^ Balcanoslavica. Vol. 5–7. 1977. p. 114. The report refers to the uprising of Liudewitus, dux Pannoniae inferioris (Ljudevit Posavski), which was joined by the inhabitants of Carniola (Annales regni Francorum, ad a. 818 — 823).
  60. ^ a b c Gračanin 2008a.
  61. ^ Goldstein 1984, pp. 241–242.
  62. ^ Petković 2006, p. 241.
  63. ^ Fine 2005, pp. 28.
  64. Croatian Encyclopaedia
    (in Croatian), 2020, retrieved 30 December 2020, Panonska Hrvatska, historiografski pojam za područje koje je u IX. i X. st. uglavnom bilo omeđeno rijekama Dravom, Savom, Kupom i Sutlom te Požeškim gorjem. U istom se značenju javlja pojam Posavska Hrvatska. Iako sustavnih istraživanja razvoja terminologije nema, čini se da starija hrvatska historiografija (I. Kukuljević Sakcinski, F. Rački, T. Smičiklas, V. Klaić) uglavnom ne rabi te nazive nego, primjerice, ime Doljnja Panonija i Posavina (T. Smičiklas, Poviest Hrvatska, II, 1882) ili Slovinska zemlja (V. Klaić, Povjest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, I–VI, 1899–1922). Iznimka je Š. Ljubić (O Posavskoj Hrvatskoj i o zlatnih novcih njezina zadnjega kneza Serma (1018), u Radu JAZU, 1878). Vjerojatno je pojam Panonska Hrvatska uveo F. Šišić u svojem Pregledu povijesti hrvatskoga naroda (1916), u kojem piše: »U bivšoj Savskoj Panoniji … širila se posebna oblast u kojoj je sve do XVII. stoljeća prevladavalo slavensko ime, pa joj odatle i ime Sclavonia u latinskim spomenicima, a Slovinci, Slovinje u hrvatskim; mi ćemo je zvati Panonskom Hrvatskom.« Iako ga Šišić ne rabi u svojoj Povijesti Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara (1925), taj je pojam bio prihvaćen u historiografiji te se proširio napose zahvaljujući školskim udžbenicima i popularnim pregledima povijesti. Iako je u znanstvenom diskursu uglavnom napušten (primjerice: M. Barada, N. Klaić, T. Raukar, I. Goldstein, N. Budak), održao se, zajedno s terminom Posavska Hrvatska, u uporabi do danas (Hrvatski povijesni atlas Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža, 2003). Kao sinonim javlja se u literaturi i termin Sjeverna Hrvatska (T. Macan, Povijest hrvatskog naroda, 1992). Nijedan od spomenutih termina nije povijesni. U onodobnim se vrelima navedeno područje označavalo nazivima Pannonia, Pannonia inferior, regnum inter Savum et Dravum ili pak kao zemlja kneza koji je u određenom trenutku njome vladao.
  65. ^ Gračanin 2008a, p. 74:Za kraj vrijedi istaknuti da Panonska odnosno Posavska Hrvatska nikada nije postojala niti kao etnička niti kao politička tvorba. Protiv toga se pojma ustrajno borila još Nada Klaić, naglašavajući da je riječ o historiografskom, a ne historijskom nazivu. Taj termin može se koristiti u geografskoj funkciji u obliku "panonska/posavska Hrvatska" (tada "posavski" nosi uže značenje od "panonskog"), dok za ranosrednjovjekovnu političku tvorbu u Međurječju valja rabiti sintagmu Donja Panonija odnosno Donjopanonska ili, eventualno, Savsko-dravska kneževina (regnum inter Dravum et Savum) kako je ova oblast prozvana u Fuldskim godišnjacima (pod godinom 884).
  66. ^ Filipec 2015, pp. 17, 29, 194:Smatrao sam da nije dobro rabiti naziv Panonska ili Posavska Hrvatska iako je on bio prisutan u povijesnim raspravama od početka 20. st. jer je to historiografski pojam, ne odražava pravo stanje na terenu i nema povijesno uporište. Panonska odnosno Posavska ili Sjeverna Hrvatska ne postoji u onom smislu kako je to definirano u različitim raspravama, a pogotovo nije postojala u 9. st. ... Teza dosta dugo održana u našoj i svjetskoj povijesnoj literaturi, da se na sjeveru današnje Hrvatske i susjednih država nalazila Panonska Hrvatska, nema uporišta u izvorima ... Otuda u hrvatskoj historiografiji i pojam Panonska Hrvatska koji je doživio kritiku posebno posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća.

Sources

Further reading