Slavs in Lower Pannonia
From the middle of the 6th to the end of the 8th century, the region was under the domination of the
During the Frankish period, the region of Lower Pannonia was governed by local Slavic rulers, who were under the suzerainty of Frankish kings. Within the Frankish administrative system, the March of Pannonia was created, with direct Frankish rule exercised in Upper Pannonia through Frankish counts, while Lower Pannonia was governed as a principality by local Slavic princes, under the supreme Frankish rule. During the 9th century, Frankish domination in Lower Pannonia was also contested by the Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia.[1][2][4]
By the 10th century, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin effectively split the Slavic communities in the region in two, leading to the formation of the West Slavs and the South Slavs.
Background
Roman rule in
Principality
Principality of Lower Pannonia Balaton Principality | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late 8th/Early 9th century–895 | |||||||||||||
Blatnohrad | |||||||||||||
Religion |
| ||||||||||||
Government | Principality | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Early Middle Ages | ||||||||||||
• Established | Late 8th/Early 9th century | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 895 | ||||||||||||
|
During the
After the destruction of the Avarian state, Pannonian Slavs came under the Frankish rule. Initially, local Slavic princes were under Frankish suzerainty, within the
After Ljudevit's failed uprising and death,[20] in 827 the Bulgars under Great Khan Omurtag invaded and conquered Lower Pannonia and parts of Frankish territories to the north.[21][22] They also installed their own governors.[23] The Bulgarian-Frankish conflict was probably spurred over the control of the tribes of Timočani and Abodrites.[23] German King Louis in 828 made a counterattack and eventually March of Friuli was divided into four counties. One of them probably was early Duchy of Croatia (which also expanded upon the territory of Sisak[24]) while Pannonia again became part of the Pannonian March, both of which vassals to East Francia.[23] The next year Bulgars made another attack but without further success, although the territory of Pannonia most probably lost its eastern part to the First Bulgarian Empire.[23]
After that, in 838 a local Slavic prince
The course of events by the end of the 9th century is unclear. Although still under the Frankish influence, a new threat was coming from
Aftermath
Following the rise of the
Archaeology
The population's inhumation practices and rituals differed and mixed upon various cultural and ethnic influences.
According to the craniometrical measurements and archaeological findings early Croats probably did not initially settle in Lower Pannonia and their relationship with Pannonian Slavs was more political rather than ethnic.[56] Others argue that the "Bijelo Brdo and Vukovar cemeteries can hardly be regarded evidence of a pre-Croatian Slavic population in northern Croatia" and they rather "represent a population fleeing the Magyars" during the 10th century".[57] Those Slavs who migrated to the territory of present-day Lower and Upper Austria, first already during the time of Langobards as carriers of Prague-Korchak culture while majority from 7th and 8th century belonged to Avaro-Slavic culture, were assimilated by the Bavarians until the end of the 12th century.[58]
In Croatian historiography
Contemporary Latin sources referred to the region as Pannonia inferior (Lower Pannonia),[35][59] and its inhabitants in general terms of Slavs and Pannonians.[15] Nevertheless a whole century under the foreign Frankish rule there did not emerge a single gens with a specific identity for the population.[38] In the 19th and 20th century Croatian historiography, the focus was usually placed on the polity between the rivers Drava and Sava. They referred to the polity as Pannonian Croatia (Croatian: Panonska Hrvatska), to describe this entity in a manner that emphasized its Croatian nature, mainly based on De Administrando Imperio (DAI) chapter 30.[60] While DAI claims that a part of the Dalmatian Croats had moved into Pannonia in the 7th century and ruled over it, some modern analysis of sources indicate this was unlikely. Nevertheless, according to Croatian historian Hrvoje Gračanin, the traditions and language of the Slavs of southern Pannonia did not differ from those in Dalmatia, so during the periods when Frankish sources did not record a specific ruler of Lower Pannonia, it is possible that the Croatian dukes of Dalmatia, who were also Frankish vassals at the time, extended control over the region.[60] The Croat name was not used in contemporary sources, until the late 9th century, rendering the name anachronistic before then,[60][61] but many toponyms deriving from the Croatian ethnonym are very old and at least from the period between 11th and 12th century.[62] While the term "Croat" was not used in sources about Pannonia, the rulers of the Trpimirović dynasty after Trpimir called themselves the rulers of the Croats and of the Slavs.[63] Since "Pannonian Croatia" politically and ethnically never existed, being a historiographical and not historical term, it is abandoned in modern Croatian historiography which uses instead the term "Donja Panonija" (Lower Pannonia).[64][65][66]
Rulers
The continuity of Slavic rulers in Lower Pannonia is unclear, and they were not consistently part of a ruling dynasty, unlike those in the north (
Monarch | Reign |
---|---|
Vojnomir | ca. 790–810 |
Ljudevit |
ca. 810–823 |
Ratimir | ca. 829–838 |
Pribina |
ca. 846–861 |
Kocel |
ca. 861–876 |
Braslav | ca. 882–896 |
See also
Annotations
- Muncimir of Croatia (c. 892–910) and possibly unknown Mutimir who ruled in the region of Syrmia as a vassal of the First Bulgarian Empire.[34]
References
- ^ a b Bowlus 1995.
- ^ a b Goldberg 2006.
- ^ Luthar 2008.
- ^ Betti 2013.
- ^ Gračanin 2008b, pp. 13–54.
- ^ Barker 1966, pp. 214–215.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 61–63, 71–72.
- ^ Luthar 2008, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Filipec 2015, pp. 29–30, 337:To je vrlo teško dokazivo, ali nije isključeno da su Hrvati, uz druge neimenovane etničke skupine koje su migrirale pod Avarima bili značajnija etnička grupa i u tom području. U Karpatskoj kotlini spominju se, recimo, Du(d)lebi ... jedini imenom posvjedočeni etnik (uz opće nazive za Avare, Slavene, Romane, Germane ili Hune, kao i pokrajinska imena Noričane ili Panonce) u Panoniji 9. st. Također je zanimljivo da se oni, prema kasnijim povijesnim izvorima, spominju u južnoj Češkoj i u Prekomurju i uz dolinu rijeke Kerke, a još poslije nalazi se toponim južno od rijeke Drave (Dulepska u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji). Spominju se nadalje Hrvati u Karantaniji, odnosno Koruškoj (u 10. st.), Češkoj i Poljskoj (od 10. st.), Galiciji (u 12. st.) i nekadašnjoj rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji učestalo od 9. st., ako izuzmemo De administrando imperio (dalje u tekstu DAI) u kojem su zabilježena zbivanja iz 7. st. iako je pisan u drugoj polovini 10. st., a u Panoniji (od 10 st.).29 Sve su to poprilično kasni izvori, ali se ipak prema njima, koliko-toliko, mogu rekonstruirati kretanje, grananje i naseljavanje hrvatskog etnika uz rub Karpatske kotline. Vrlo vjerojatno su Hrvati bili prisutni i u Posavlju i u Panoniji, no izvori ih ne spominju, a sačuvani toponimi najvećim su dijelom nastali u razvijenom srednjem vijeku (polako se pojavljuju poslije sredine 12., a ponajviše poslije sredine 13. st.), kad uopće počinje pisana povijest tog dijela zemlje ... Stanovništvo Panonije bilo je heterogenog sastava; uz Slavene („panonske Slavene“, Hrvate i Duljebe), Avare, Bugare i ostatke Romana treba računati s bavarskim doseljenicima. Slaveni nesumnjivo čine većinu.
- ^ Belgrade (Serbia). Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske narodne armije (1968). Fourteen Centuries of Struggle for Freedom. Military Museum. p. xiv.
Lower Pannonia In the middle of the ninth century, the Pannonian Slavs constituted the majority of the population of Lower Pannonia.
- ^ Karl Heinrich Menges (1953). An Outline of the Early History and Migrations of the Slavs. Department of Slavic Languages, Columbia University. p. 28.
Christian Avars are still mentioned under the year 873 as found in Lower Pannonia.
- ^ a b c Luthar 2008, p. 105.
- ^ Pertz 1845, p. 75.
- ^ Scholz 1970, p. 104.
- ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 180.
- ^ a b Budak 2018, p. 180–181.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 181.
- ^ Pertz 1845, p. 835.
- ^ Scholz 1970, p. 111.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 181–182.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 91, 06–97.
- ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 49.
- ^ a b c d Budak 2018, p. 182.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 182–183.
- ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 183.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 138, 183.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 99–100, 102, 104.
- ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 83–85.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 204–220.
- ^ Szőke 2007, pp. 411–428.
- ^ Škvarna 2002, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Szőke 2007, pp. 411.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 139, 184.
- ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 184.
- ^ Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts: 8.
Pannonia inferior cum duce Braslao ad officium rediit
- ^ Luthar 2008, p. 110–111.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 184–185.
- ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 185.
- ^ Kos, Milko (1960). Istorija Slovenaca od doseljenja do petnaestog veka. Prosveta. p. 129.
- ^ a b c Filipec 2015, p. 338.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 142.
- )
- ISSN 1332-4853. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
- ^ Filipec 2015, p. 338–339.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 178.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 178–179.
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 179.
- ^ Sedov 1995, p. 412.
- ^ Sedov 1995, p. 159–169.
- ^ Guštin 2007, p. 292–296.
- ISBN 978-953-6803-36-1.
- ISBN 978-83-63760-10-6.
- ISBN 978-953-8082-01-6.
- ^ Sedov 1995, p. 413–420.
- ^ Sedov 1995, p. 418–419.
- ^ Gračanin 2008a, p. 71–72.
- ISBN 978-90-04-30674-5.
- ^ Sedov 1995, p. 420–425.
- ^ Balcanoslavica. Vol. 5–7. 1977. p. 114.
The report refers to the uprising of Liudewitus, dux Pannoniae inferioris (Ljudevit Posavski), which was joined by the inhabitants of Carniola (Annales regni Francorum, ad a. 818 — 823).
- ^ a b c Gračanin 2008a.
- ^ Goldstein 1984, pp. 241–242.
- ^ Petković 2006, p. 241.
- ^ Fine 2005, pp. 28.
- Croatian Encyclopaedia(in Croatian), 2020, retrieved 30 December 2020,
Panonska Hrvatska, historiografski pojam za područje koje je u IX. i X. st. uglavnom bilo omeđeno rijekama Dravom, Savom, Kupom i Sutlom te Požeškim gorjem. U istom se značenju javlja pojam Posavska Hrvatska. Iako sustavnih istraživanja razvoja terminologije nema, čini se da starija hrvatska historiografija (I. Kukuljević Sakcinski, F. Rački, T. Smičiklas, V. Klaić) uglavnom ne rabi te nazive nego, primjerice, ime Doljnja Panonija i Posavina (T. Smičiklas, Poviest Hrvatska, II, 1882) ili Slovinska zemlja (V. Klaić, Povjest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, I–VI, 1899–1922). Iznimka je Š. Ljubić (O Posavskoj Hrvatskoj i o zlatnih novcih njezina zadnjega kneza Serma (1018), u Radu JAZU, 1878). Vjerojatno je pojam Panonska Hrvatska uveo F. Šišić u svojem Pregledu povijesti hrvatskoga naroda (1916), u kojem piše: »U bivšoj Savskoj Panoniji … širila se posebna oblast u kojoj je sve do XVII. stoljeća prevladavalo slavensko ime, pa joj odatle i ime Sclavonia u latinskim spomenicima, a Slovinci, Slovinje u hrvatskim; mi ćemo je zvati Panonskom Hrvatskom.« Iako ga Šišić ne rabi u svojoj Povijesti Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara (1925), taj je pojam bio prihvaćen u historiografiji te se proširio napose zahvaljujući školskim udžbenicima i popularnim pregledima povijesti. Iako je u znanstvenom diskursu uglavnom napušten (primjerice: M. Barada, N. Klaić, T. Raukar, I. Goldstein, N. Budak), održao se, zajedno s terminom Posavska Hrvatska, u uporabi do danas (Hrvatski povijesni atlas Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža, 2003). Kao sinonim javlja se u literaturi i termin Sjeverna Hrvatska (T. Macan, Povijest hrvatskog naroda, 1992). Nijedan od spomenutih termina nije povijesni. U onodobnim se vrelima navedeno područje označavalo nazivima Pannonia, Pannonia inferior, regnum inter Savum et Dravum ili pak kao zemlja kneza koji je u određenom trenutku njome vladao.
- ^ Gračanin 2008a, p. 74:Za kraj vrijedi istaknuti da Panonska odnosno Posavska Hrvatska nikada nije postojala niti kao etnička niti kao politička tvorba. Protiv toga se pojma ustrajno borila još Nada Klaić, naglašavajući da je riječ o historiografskom, a ne historijskom nazivu. Taj termin može se koristiti u geografskoj funkciji u obliku "panonska/posavska Hrvatska" (tada "posavski" nosi uže značenje od "panonskog"), dok za ranosrednjovjekovnu političku tvorbu u Međurječju valja rabiti sintagmu Donja Panonija odnosno Donjopanonska ili, eventualno, Savsko-dravska kneževina (regnum inter Dravum et Savum) kako je ova oblast prozvana u Fuldskim godišnjacima (pod godinom 884).
- ^ Filipec 2015, pp. 17, 29, 194:Smatrao sam da nije dobro rabiti naziv Panonska ili Posavska Hrvatska iako je on bio prisutan u povijesnim raspravama od početka 20. st. jer je to historiografski pojam, ne odražava pravo stanje na terenu i nema povijesno uporište. Panonska odnosno Posavska ili Sjeverna Hrvatska ne postoji u onom smislu kako je to definirano u različitim raspravama, a pogotovo nije postojala u 9. st. ... Teza dosta dugo održana u našoj i svjetskoj povijesnoj literaturi, da se na sjeveru današnje Hrvatske i susjednih država nalazila Panonska Hrvatska, nema uporišta u izvorima ... Otuda u hrvatskoj historiografiji i pojam Panonska Hrvatska koji je doživio kritiku posebno posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća.
Sources
- Barford, Paul M. (2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801439779.
- Barker, John W. (1966). Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299039448.
- Betti, Maddalena (2013). The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004260085.
- Bowlus, Charles R. (1995). Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812232769.
- ISBN 978-953-340-061-7.
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Filipec, Krešimir (2015). Donja Panonija od 9. do 11. stoljeća [Lower Pannonia from 9th until 11th century] (in Croatian). ISBN 978-9958-600-68-5.
- ISBN 0472081497.
- ISBN 0472025600.
- Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801438905.
- Goldstein, Ivo (1984). "Ponovno o Srbima u Hrvatskoj u 9. stoljeću" (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). 37: 235–246.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje (2008a). "Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78". Povijest U Nastavi (in Croatian). 6 (11): 67–76.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje (2008b). "Slaveni u ranosrednjovjekovnoj južnoj Panoniji" [Slavs in the Early Medieval South Pannonia]. Scrinia Slavonica (8): 13–54.
- Guštin, Mitja (2007). "Rani srednji vijek od alpskih obronaka do Panonije" [The Early Middle Ages from the Alpine Slopes to Pannonia]. Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu (in Croatian and English). 24: 289–300.
- Kantor, Marvin (1983). Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780930042448.
- Luthar, Oto, ed. (2008). The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631570111.
- MacLean, Simon (2003). Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139440295.
- MacLean, Simon (2009). History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719071348.
- ISBN 9780884020219.
- ISBN 9780719034251.
- Pertz, Georg Heinrich, ed. (1845). Einhardi Annales. Hanover.
- Petković, Danijel (2006). "Hrvatsko ime u srednjovjekovnoj Slavoniji prema nekoliko primjera u diplomatičkim izvorima od 13. do 15. stoljeća" [Croatian name in medieval Slavonia according to several examples in diplomatic sources from the 13th to the 15th century]. Starohrvatska Prosvjeta (in Croatian). III (33): 243–281. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- Richards, Ronald O. (2003). The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-language: The View from Old Hungarian. Los Angeles: University of California. ISBN 9780974265308.
- ISBN 9780719034589.
- Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472061860.
- Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. "Panonski Slaveni" [Pannonian Slavs]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 413–427. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1.
- Škvarna, Dušan (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.
- Štih, Peter (2010). The Middle Ages between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic: Select Papers on Slovene Historiography and Medieval History. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004187702.
- Szőke, Béla Miklós (2007). "New findings of the excavations in Mosaburg/Zalavár (Western Hungary)". Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: The heirs of the Roman West (PDF). Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 411–428.
- Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970). The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521074599.
Further reading
- Dudás, Előd (2019). "Slavensko stanovništvo zapadne Panonije u zrcalu toponima". Folia onomastica Croatica (in Croatian). 28 (28): 53–61. .
- Filipec, Krešimir (2009). "Slavenski paljevinski grob iz Lobora". Archaeologia Adriatica (in Croatian). 3 (1): 347–357. .
- Filipec, Krešimir (2017). "Panonski Slaveni". Enciklopedija Hrvatskoga zagorja (in Croatian). LZMK.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje; Pisk, Silvija (2015). "Sjeverozapadna Hrvatska u ranome srednjem vijeku: Donjopanonska kneževina" [Northwestern Croatia in the early middle ages: Principality of Lower Pannonia] (PDF). In Zrinka Nikolić Jakus (ed.). Nova zraka u europskom svjetlu: Hrvatske zemlje u ranome srednjem vijeku (oko 550 − oko 1150) [Croatian lands in the Early Middle Ages (o. 550. – o. 1150.)] (in Croatian). Zagreb: ISBN 978-953-150-942-8.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje (2015). "Sjeveroistočna Hrvatska u ranome srednjem vijeku: Donjopanonska kneževina" [Northeastern Croatia in the early middle ages: Principality of Lower Pannonia]. In Zrinka Nikolić Jakus (ed.). Nova zraka u europskom svjetlu: Hrvatske zemlje u ranome srednjem vijeku (oko 550 − oko 1150) [Croatian lands in the Early Middle Ages (o. 550. – o. 1150.)] (in Croatian). Zagreb: ISBN 978-953-150-942-8.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje (2015). "Kraj antike na hrvatskim prostorima: Južna Panonija pod opsadom" [The end of antiquity in Croatia: Lower Pannonia under siege]. In Zrinka Nikolić Jakus (ed.). Nova zraka u europskom svjetlu: Hrvatske zemlje u ranome srednjem vijeku (oko 550 − oko 1150) [Croatian lands in the Early Middle Ages (o. 550. – o. 1150.)] (in Croatian). Zagreb: ISBN 978-953-150-942-8.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje (2018). "Lower Pannonia before and after the Treaty of Aachen". In Ančić, Mladen; Shepard, Jonathan; Vedriš, Trpimir (eds.). Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic. Byzantium, the Carolingians and the Treaty of Aachen (812). London-New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 207–224. ISBN 978-1-138-22594-7.
- Greenberg, Marc L. (2004). "Review: Sifting the Evidence for the Reconstruction of Pannonian Slavic (Reviewed Work: The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-Language: The View from Old Hungarian. UCLA Indo-European Studies, vol. 2 by Ronald O. Richards, Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, Brent Vine)". S2CID 130461047.