Balawat Gates
Balawat Gates | |
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Material | Bronze and wood |
Created | c.860 BCE |
Discovered | 1878 |
Present location | British Museum, Walters Art Museum, Istanbul Archaeology Museums and Mosul Museum |
The Balawat Gates are three sets of decorated bronze bands that had adorned the main doors of several buildings at
Description
Contemporary inscriptions suggest that the gates at
The bands describe an important religious discovery in 852 BCE when King Shalmaneser III found the source of the River Tigris at the Tigris tunnel. This was a very important event because the rivers were thought to be deities. The pictures also show the workmen carving walls to represent their King in the way that he would approve.[8] Carvings can still be seen in East Turkey of markings made by Shalamaneser's workers to the south west of Lake Van.[8] Possibly the most important pictures are the ground plans of nearby buildings as these restored the reputation of Rassam who discovered the gates. Following the gates discovery there was a lot of debate about whether these gates were found here and whether Rassam had given an accurate account. It was argued that these were an important find in a minor place and these gates must have come from a more important nearby city like Nineveh. However excavations at the site have revealed that pictures on the gates agree with evidence on the ground which provides proof that the gates were indeed at Balawat, Balawat was important, the gates were here and Rassam had been telling the truth.[10] Rassam felt that the credit for many of his other discoveries had been taken by senior British Museum staff.[11]
In 1893 Rassam had sued the British Museum keeper E. A. Wallis Budge in the British courts for both slander and libel. Budge had written to the trustees of the museum saying that Rassam had used "his relatives" to smuggle antiquities out of Nineveh and had only sent "rubbish" to the British Museum. The elderly Rassam was upset by these accusations and when he challenged Budge he received a partial apology and retraction that the High court considered "insincere" and "ungentlemanly". Rassam took the matter to court and he was fully supported by the judge but not by the jury.[11]
Three sets of gates
Two sets of Balawat Gates were commissioned in
Some of the Balawat Bronze Bands at Mosul Museum survived the looting in the wake of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Nevertheless, Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts further occurred in 2015 because of a terrorist attack. Some of the details of the aftermath have been described based on a video.[13]
The full documentation of all these Bronze Bands is available in a 2008 publication by the British Museum.[14]
Eckhard Unger who was the curator of the Istanbul museum described the remains of Balawat gates that are still in the Istanbul Museums. Unger was fully aware that the major parts of the gates were in London and Paris and he was able to visit both locations and discuss them with the respective curators.[5]
Embossed scenes
The surviving pieces of all three sets of gates consist of long bands or strips of bronze, which were mounted on wooden doors. They were embossed and inlaid with chased decoration showing scenes of
Gallery
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Detail of an embossed scene on bronze plate showing Shalmaneser III in a chariot and Assyrian archers. From a Balawat gate, Iraq, 859-824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
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Detail of an embossed scene on bronze plate showing Assyrian army attacking a city. From a Balawat gate, Iraq, 859-824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
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Detail of an embossed scene on bronze plate showing armed men carrying booty. From a Balawat gate, Iraq, 859-824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
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Detail of an embossed scene on bronze plate showing Assyrian war chariots. From a Balawat gate, Iraq, 859-824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
See also
Notes
- ^ British Museum Collection
- ^ JE Curtis et al., The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II, British Museum Press, 2008, p. 3
- ^ revêtement de porte, 0850, retrieved 2022-05-03
- ^ a b c Fragments of Bands from a Gate, art.thewalters.org, retrieved 11 December 2013
- ^ a b Zum Bronzetor von Balawat, Beiträge zur Erklärung und Deutung der assyrischen Inschriften und Reliefs Salmanassars III, Eckhard Unger, retrieved 4 September 2014
- Theophilus G. Pinches.
- ^ a b The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II by J. E. Curtis; N. Tallis, Review by: Sarah C. Melville, Journal of the American Oriental Society ,Vol. 129, No. 3 (July–September 2009), pp. 552-554, Published by: American Oriental Society, retrieved December 2013
- ^ a b c d Bronze band from the gates of the palace of Shalmaneser III, British Museum, accessed 11 December 2013
- JSTOR 4200366.
- JSTOR 4200388.
- ^ a b del Mar, Alexander (18 September 1910). "Discoveries at Nineveh" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ^ The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II by J. Curtis and N. Tallis. pp. 264. London, British, Museum Press, 2008
- ^ Assessing the Damage at the Mosul Museum, Part 1: The Assyrian Artifacts. February 27, 2015 -- gatesofnineveh.wordpress.com
- ^ The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II. London, 2008. With R.D. Barnett, L.G. Davies, M.M. Howard and C.B.F. Walker, edited by J.E. Curtis and N. Tallis. British Museum Press. academia.edu
- ^ Review by Frances Reynolds. Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, UK. Of "The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II. Edited by J. Curtis and N. Tallis
- ^ Britishmuseum.org
References
- [1] Theophilus G Pinches and Walter de Gray Birch, The bronze ornaments of the palace gates of Balawat (Shalmaneser II, B.C. 859-825) edited, with an introduction by Walter de Gray Birch ; with descriptions and translations by Theophilus G. Pinches, Society of Great Russell Street, 1902
- Curtis, J.E., and Tallis, N. (eds.) 2008. The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II, British Museum Press (with R.D. Barnett, L.G. Davies , M.M. Howard, and C.B.F. Walker). ISBN 978-0-7141-1166-7
- Léonard W. King, Bronze Reliefs from the Gates of Shalmanezer. King of Assyria BC 860-825, Longman's & Company, 1915