Bald uakari
Bald uakari[1] | |
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Red uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) in Iquitos, Peru. | |
White uakari (C. c. calvus) at the Solimões River, Brazil. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Pitheciidae |
Genus: | Cacajao |
Species: | C. calvus
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Binomial name | |
Cacajao calvus (I. Geoffroy, 1847)
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species range |
The bald uakari (Cacajao calvus) or bald-headed uakari is a small
Taxonomy
There are four recognized subspecies of the bald uakari,[1] each of which is considered vulnerable to extinction:
- White bald-headed uakari, Cacajao calvus calvus
- Ucayali bald-headed uakari, Cacajao calvus ucayalii
- Red bald-headed uakari, Cacajao calvus rubicundus
- Novae's bald-headed uakari, Cacajao calvus novaesi
However, a literature review of all known occurrence records,[5] followed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis,[6] suggests that these subspecies should be upgraded to species, as well as adding a new species, Cacajao amuna sp. n. If this is accepted by the wider research community, it could have large implications for the conservation status of the five species, for example with C. novaesi and C. amuna having small ranges at particular risk from deforestation.
Description
The bald uakari weighs between 2.75 and 3.45 kg (6.1 and 7.6 lb), with head and body lengths average 45.6 cm (18.0 in) (male) and 44.0 cm (17.3 in) (female).[7] In general, the bald uakari has a long, shaggy coat ranging from white in color to red and its head is bald.[4] The tail is bob-like and rather short for a New World monkey (about 5.9 in (15 cm)), at only half the length of the body and head combined.[8] Its scarlet red face is due to the lack of skin pigments and plentiful capillaries that run under its facial tissue.[4]
Behaviour and ecology
The
The bald uakari can be found traveling up to 4.8 kilometers per day
The bright red facial skin is a sign of good health and allows for the determination of a healthy mate.
Due to the uakari's location, it is extremely common for these animals to contract malaria. Primates who have contracted the disease are noticeably paler and are not chosen as sexual partners as they do not have the desired natural immunity to malaria.[16]
Conservation
The conservation status of this species was changed from near threatened to vulnerable in the 2008
Forest loss and hunting are the two most prominent threats to the bald uakari.[2] Between 1980 and 1990 it was found that an average of 15.4 million hectares of tropical forests were destroyed each year and the Neotropics are facing forest loss in areas such as the southern and eastern parts of the Amazonia.[17] In 1997, the Amazon Basin experienced the highest rate of forest destruction of the remaining tropical rainforests worldwide.[18] Logging of hardwoods is a major contributor to overall destruction as large-scale logging disrupts the continuity of forest canopies.[19] Canopy disruption and forest loss directly affect uakaris because of their arboreal lifestyle and adaptations for seed food consumption. Additionally, Cacajao calvus populations are located so close to the Amazon River that there is a higher risk of human hunting from canoes and such to use the primates as a food source or bait.[2]
Conservation organisations
In 1999, the Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rainforest, set forth by the World Bank, aimed to place a total of 350 million dollars from Germany, Britain, and other major industrialized communities into conservation programs for the Amazon.[20] Conservation efforts have also been initiated by Wildlife Conservation Society representatives working in South America. The Amazon-Andes Conservation Program (AACP) was established in 2003 in order to protect a set of seven landscapes in the Amazon. These protected landscapes account for approximately three percent of the Amazon Basin. The Wildlife Conservation Society is planning on expanding to more landscapes in the near future.[18] Along with the AACP, Brazil's national environment agency, the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) is gaining help from the army to patrol the Amazon for acts of illegal logging, mining, and deforestation.[21]
References
- ^ OCLC 62265494.
- ^ . Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ^ Silva (2021). "On the Geographic Distribution of the Bald Uakaris (Cacajao calvus ssp.) in Brazilian Amazonia". Primate Conservation.
- ^ Silva (2022). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of bald uakaris, genus Cacajao Lesson, 1840 (Primates: Pitheciidae), with the description of a new species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
- ^ a b c Gron, Kurt. "Primate Factsheets: Uakari (Cacajao) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- S2CID 84174299.
- ^ Emmons, L.H. & Feer, F. (1990). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 134–153.
- PMID 1503121.
- ^ a b c Fontaine, R. (1981). "The uakaris, genus Cacajao". Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. 1: 443–494.
- ^ Pusey, A.E. & Packer, C. (1987). "Dispersal and philopatry". In B.B. Smuts; D.L. Cheney; R.M. Seyfarth; R.W. Wrangham & T.T. Struhsaker (eds.). Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 250–266.
- ^ Ayres, J.M. (1986). "The conservation status of the white uakari". Primate Conservation. 7: 22–25.
- .
- ^ Veiga, L, M. Bowler (2009). Variability in Pithecine Social Organization. Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uakaris. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "Bald-headed Uakari". Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ Whitmore, T. C. (1997). "Tropical forest disturbance, disappearance, and species loss". In Laurance, W. F.; Bierregaard, R. O. Jr. (eds.). Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 3–12.
- ^ a b Wildlife Conservation Society (2008). "WCS Amazon-Andes Conservation Program". New York. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- JSTOR 2388700.
- PMID 10511725.
- .
External links
- ARKive - images and movies of the bald-headed uakari (Cacajao calvus)
- The Red Uakari Monkey Project Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved March 26, 2009
- Bald uakari with malaria (vid)