Baldwin IV of Jerusalem

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"Baldwin IV" redirects here. The term may also refer to Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders or Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut or Wade Baldwin IV.

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
Anjou
FatherAmalric of Jerusalem
MotherAgnes of Courtenay

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (Latin: Balduinus, French: Baudoin) (1161–1185), known as the Leper King, was the

crusader state and succeeded in protecting it from the Muslim ruler Saladin
.

Baldwin developed the first symptoms of

Raymond III of Tripoli ruled the kingdom in Baldwin's name until the king reached the age of majority in 1176. As soon as he assumed government, Baldwin planned an invasion of Egypt, which fell through because of his vassals' uncooperativeness. Saladin in turn attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177, but the King and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon repelled him at Montgisard
, earning Baldwin fame. The young king mastered horse riding despite gradually losing sensation in his extremities and was able to fight in battles until his last years.

co-king before having himself taken in a litter to lift Saladin's siege of Kerak. Baldwin failed to have Sibylla's marriage to Guy annulled and Guy's fief of Ascalon
confiscated. In early 1185 he arranged for Raymond to rule as regent for Sibylla's son and died before 16 May.

Childhood

Baldwin was born in mid-1161. His parents were

Ioveta.[2] At the age of six Baldwin gained a stepmother, Maria Komnene, with whom he was not close. The Queen was an ambitious woman who likely saw Baldwin as an obstacle to her own children.[4]

Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre discovers first symptoms of Baldwin's leprosy, in Estoire d'Eracles, painted in France in the 1250s

The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other

Order of St Lazarus, a military order composed of affected knights and serjeants.[7]

As an adolescent, Baldwin was precocious, determined, and optimistic in the face of his illness. He took after his father in good looks, body shape, and manner of walking and expressing himself. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he stuttered. He enjoyed listening to stories and history lessons. His tutor, William, remarked on Baldwin's excellent memory, stating that he forgot neither kindness nor slights done to him by others.[8]

Amalric attempted to have Sibylla marry the French Count

Stephen I of Sancerre, who would rule the kingdom as regent on Baldwin's behalf if Amalric died early. When physicians informed him that Baldwin could develop leprosy, Amalric may have begun viewing Sibylla and Stephen as eventual monarchs instead of Baldwin, but the match fell through.[9] In June 1174 the King came down with dysentery. He died on 11 July leaving an underage heir, as he had feared might happen.[10]

Accession

Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the Histoire d'Outre Mer

Upon Amalric's death, the High Court convened to discuss the succession.

Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, and Raymond virtually a stranger to the barons after nine years spent in Muslim captivity.[14]

After three days of deliberation

Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, Amalric of Nesle, took place immediately in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[15] Medieval rulers were normally crowned on Sundays, but in Baldwin's case 15 July 1174 was chosen instead as it was the 75th anniversary of the First Crusade's seizure of Jerusalem.[16]

Regency

Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli

Until he reached the

seneschal, Miles of Plancy.[18][12] Shortly thereafter Count Raymond III of Tripoli arrived in Jerusalem and succeeded in claiming regency as the King's closest kinsman.[19] Miles was murdered while trying to extend his hold on the government.[20][21] No new seneschal was appointed for two years, and so the young and sickly king presided over burdensome High Court meetings when the regent was away on military duties or in Tripoli.[22]

Baldwin's mother, Agnes, returned to court when Raymond became regent. She is frequently accused by historians of exploiting her son's condition for self-gain, but the contemporary sources, including Baldwin's tutor, William of Tyre, are biased against her.[22] Having grown up without her since the age of two, Baldwin had no memories of his mother, but she became devotedly kind to him and he developed a strong attachment to her.[23]

During the regency it became clear that the King was indeed affected by leprosy.

William V of Montferrat in Piedmont, Italy, and cousin of both the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and King Louis VII of France.[26]

Personal rule

On the second anniversary of his coronation, 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority and Raymond's regency lapsed. At the suggestion of his mother, the King appointed his loyal and capable maternal uncle,

Joscelin of Courtenay, to the office of seneschal and arranged for him to marry a rich heiress, Agnes of Milly.[29] The change in government signalled a new Frankish approach to the Egyptian ruler Saladin, who had been allowed by Raymond to encircle the crusader states by conquering Muslim principalities in Syria.[30] Baldwin did not ratify Raymond's peace treaty with Saladin,[31] firmly agreeing with Joscelin that the sultan's power needed to be curbed.[32]

Planned offensive

Map of the Near East in c. 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the Fatimid Caliphate had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.

As soon as he took over the government, Baldwin began planning a full-scale attack on Egypt with his advisers.[33] The King took advantage of Saladin's campaign in Aleppo to lead a raid around Damascus.[31] This was his first experience of warfare. Despite having use of only one hand, he refused to delegate his military duties and took part in fighting.[34] He and his advisers then decided to intervene in Saladin's war against the Order of Assassins. On 1 August, Baldwin and Raymond led the armies of Jerusalem and Tripoli, respectively, in a raid of the Beqaa Valley (modern-day Lebanon), where they defeated the garrison of Damascus, forcing Saladin to abandon his campaign.[35]

William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla, in November 1176 despite misgivings of the nobles who no longer trusted his cousin Emperor Frederick's ability to aid the kingdom. Baldwin offered to abdicate the throne to William according to Sicard of Cremona; if he did, William declined because he knew he lacked the support of the nobility.[36]

In order to carry out his attack on Egypt, Baldwin needed naval support. He thus sent

lady of Oultrejordain, Stephanie of Milly.[39]

In April 1177 William of Monferrat fell sick with

Philip I of Flanders arrived in the East in September.[43][44] He brought to Baldwin financial aid from another cousin, King Henry II of England.[45] Henry was invested because he and Baldwin both belonged to the Angevin family.[46] Still in sickbed in Ascalon, the King had himself taken back to Jerusalem in a litter and convened a general council, on the advice of which he offered regency to Philip.[43] Philip declined, and Raynald retained his post.[47]

The Byzantines sent a war fleet in preparation of the invasion of Egypt

grand master of the Knights Hospitaller, Roger de Moulins.[50] Saladin's power remained unchecked, and the Byzantine alliance collapsed.[49] Despite the hostility of the Latin patriarch, Amalric of Nesle, Baldwin continued to court the Greek patriarch, Leontius, in hopes that the Byzantines would remain committed to his kingdom.[51]

Initial conflicts with Saladin

A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback
13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard

Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with his troops in late October 1177 to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.[52] With the Frankish army in northern Syria, Saladin seized the opportunity to invade Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November.[53] Though still recovering from malaria, Baldwin rode to meet the sultan,[54] while the Knights Templar hurried to defend Gaza.[53] The King took his humble host to Ascalon, where in desperation he issued an arrière-ban, summoning all able-bodied men. Saladin reached Ascalon on 22 November and Baldwin led the troops out to meet him. Seeing how drastically outnumbered he was, the King retreated into the city. Saladin too saw the strength in his numbers and confidently proceeded towards Jerusalem.[55] Baldwin managed to contact the Templars, however, and ordered them to abandon Gaza and join him.[56] Contrary to the sultan's expectation, Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon, joined up with the Templars, and attacked his dispersed army at Montgisard.[57] The young king was in the forefront.[56] Saladin, who barely survived, suffered a crushing defeat.[57]

Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet

Not having enough men to launch an offensive on the retreating Muslims, Baldwin decided to fortify the Damascene frontier. The Templars convinced him to build a castle,

River Jordan; he was reluctant because the Franks had promised not to mark that part of the border. After protests of local Muslims, Saladin offered money to Baldwin in exchange for aborting the construction, but the King refused.[58] In 1178, Baldwin hosted the patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Michael the Syrian, in Jerusalem and won his lasting loyalty to Frankish cause.[59][60]

In April 1179, Baldwin intended to round up the sheep passing from Damascus to

relic of the True Cross could be fetched from Jerusalem to accompany the Christian troops.[63]

Rise of factions

In the winter of 1177–78 the King's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son,

Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "To be deprived of the use of one's limbs is of little help to one in carrying out the work of government ... It is not fitting that a hand so weak as mine should hold power when fear of Arab aggression daily presses upon the Holy City and when my sickness increases the enemy's daring."[65]

Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy

During the

coup was foiled.[68]

Baldwin had hoped to abdicate, but was prevented by a deep rift within his court.

Templars on the other.[21] This view, though common in older historiography, is rejected by modern authors such as Bernard Hamilton and Peter Edbury. Hamilton posits that the factions arose only after Sibylla's marriage to Guy and centred on the King's paternal relatives (cousins Raymond of Tripoli and Bohemond of Antioch; stepmother, Maria; and her new family, the Ibelins) and maternal relatives (mother, Agnes; stepfather, Reynald of Sidon; sister, Sibylla; brother-in-law, Guy; uncle, Joscelin; and Raynald of Châtillon), of whom the King supported the latter.[69] In light of these problems, Baldwin proposed a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept in order to campaign freely in northern Syria.[70] Baldwin sent his uncle and chief minister, Joscelin, to assure the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. During Joscelin's absence, from mid-1180 to mid-1181, the full burden of government fell on the shoulders of the King, whose health was deteriorating. He relied chiefly on his mother in this period.[71]

To secure Guy's position and prevent the emergence of an alternative claimant, Baldwin had his eight-year-old half-sister, Isabella, solemnly betrothed to the teenaged

Humphrey IV, in October 1180. Isabella was then sent to live at Kerak Castle with the lady of Oultrejourdain, Humphrey's mother, as far as possible from her maternal kin and potential conspirators.[72] By the terms of the marriage contract, Humphrey ceded Toron to Baldwin, who thus prevented the union of two great fiefs under one vassal and strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.[73]

Baldwin IV's family,[74] including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded)[69]
Baldwin II of JerusalemMorphia of Melitene
Melisende of Jerusalem
Alice of JerusalemHodierna of Jerusalem
Raymond III of Tripoli
Sibylla of Jerusalem
Guy of LusignanBaldwin IV of JerusalemIsabella I of JerusalemHumphrey IV of ToronBohemond III of AntiochMaria of AntiochManuel I KomnenosBaldwin of Antioch
Baldwin V of Jerusalem

Truce and resumed hostilities

Baldwin made use of the truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his maternal kin, granting Maron and Chastelneuf to Joscelin and usufruct of Toron to Agnes, while associating Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He remained unreconciled with Raymond, however, and forbade the count to enter the kingdom in early 1182 owing to suspicions of another conspiracy.[75] Baldwin likely intended to charge Raymond with treason and deprive him of the Principality of Galilee, a fief of Jerusalem held by Raymond through marriage to Eschiva of Bures. The law prevented the King from seizing the fief without the assent of the High Court, and the High Court urged the King to reconcile with Raymond; Baldwin reluctantly heeded his vassals' advice.[76]

Saladin as depicted on a dirham coin, c. 1190

Baldwin's truce with Saladin was due to expire in May 1182

Battle of Le Forbelet.[79] Historian Bernard Hamilton attributes the victory to the respect and loyalty commanded by Baldwin,[80] who stayed on the battlefield despite his illness and intense heat.[79]

The defeated sultan took his host to besiege Beirut, while another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew that he was being provoked into dividing his forces. Deciding that Beirut was of a greater strategic importance, he ignored the southern attack and moved with his troops to Tyre. From there he procured assistance from the Italian maritime republics in lifting Saladin's naval blockade of Beirut.[80] Saladin abandoned the siege, but declined to make a truce, worrying Baldwin and his advisers.[81] He proceeded north to fight the Zengids, thereby expanding his realm, while Baldwin led an attack on Saladin's Damascene territory, then on Bosra, before finally laying siege and capturing Cave de Sueth.[82] In the winter of 1182–3 after agreeing on a strategy with his council, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians convinced him not to for fear of losing their churches in retaliation.[83]

Last years

Progressing disability

Baldwin could not walk unsupported or use his hands from 1183.

royal demesne.[87][88]

Fearing discontent among his barons, Baldwin had failed to give Guy any experience in military leadership prior to making him regent.[87] Indeed, the great lords of the kingdom, the independent rulers of Antioch and Tripoli, and the grand masters of the military orders refused to cooperate with Guy.[89] Baldwin recovered unexpectedly and returned to Jerusalem. Having found that coastal climate suited his health, Baldwin offered Jerusalem to Guy in exchange for Tyre. Guy brusquely refused, possibly because Tyre was more lucrative, leaving Baldwin gravely insulted.[90][88]

Kerak Castle

The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was celebrated in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the festivities and

co-king was accepted, and the boy was crowned on 20 November.[91]

In late November Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the Tower of David, which may have been the first in a chain of such beacons, in order to hearten the defenders of the intensely bombarded Kerak.[92] Baldwin accompanied his troops again, but having become blind and immobile, this time he went in a litter slung between two horses.[93] His presence was essential to unite the discordant barons. Even his humiliated brother-in-law led his men. Warned by his scouts about the King's approach and concerned about having left Egypt unguarded, Saladin abandoned the siege on 4 December. Baldwin entered Kerak triumphantly.[94][95]

Brother-in-law's insubordination

The question of regency for his nephew troubled Baldwin. The only way to ensure that Guy could not claim it was to have his marriage to Sibylla annulled.[92] Baldwin discussed this with the patriarch, Heraclius.[92] The King may have intended to claim that he had forced his sister to marry Guy and that the marriage was unlawful because of that. Sibylla's unwavering loyalty to Guy thwarted his plans, as the couple refused to appear at court.[96]

Early in 1184 Baldwin ordered Guy to attend him as vassal in Jerusalem. Guy declined, citing poor health, and this was repeated several times. Baldwin then had himself carried to Ascalon in the company of the High Court. Guy refused to let him into the city. From the battlements and towers the inhabitants witnessed the King ceremoniously raised his hand to knock on the gates and demand admission only for the gates to remain closed. The King was welcomed in Jaffa, however, where he installed a governor, thereby depriving Guy of half of his county. In Acre, Baldwin summoned his council, probably to gain support to seize Guy's fief on the grounds of refusal of the royal summons. The patriarch and the grand masters begged Baldwin to forgive Guy in order to avoid a civil war. This was as unacceptable to Baldwin as it would have been to any contemporary king. The patriarch and the grand masters stormed out of the council, swaying the rest of the assembly to withhold support for the action.[97]

Baldwin was reconciled with the patriarch and the grand masters by June when he sent them to Europe on a diplomatic mission to seek aid for the kingdom. He informed them by letter that Saladin was once more besieging Kerak.[98] Again, Saladin abandoned the siege when the litter-bound king approached with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and financed the reparations of the damaged castle.[99]

Last months, death and aftermath

Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V, in 1280 edition of William of Tyre's Histoire d'Outremer

In late 1184

Darum, who were under royal protection and who provided information about the Egyptians' movements.[101][88] He soon developed a fever. When he returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185, Baldwin bestowed regency on Raymond of Tripoli, the man whom he had never trusted, but to whom he could find no better alternative.[102] At the time he expected to survive the illness, having done so twice before, but within weeks it became apparent that it would be his last. On his deathbed he summoned the High Court to appoint a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.[103] The dying king then ordered that homage be rendered to his nephew as king and to Raymond as regent, to be followed by a solemn crown-wearing ceremony at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[104]

Baldwin IV died, attended by his vassals,[105] in March 1185[88][106] or before 16 May 1185 at the latest, when Baldwin V is recorded as the sole king.[105] He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,[106] close to his father, King Amalric.[105] The young Baldwin V died the next year.[107] Sibylla, who succeeded her son,[108] made Guy king.[109] Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his decisive victory over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190, leaving Isabella I as the heir to the defeated kingdom.[110]

Assessment and legacy

Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death marred the King's legacy, with historians tracing fatal discord to Baldwin's reign.[111] Yet, while Baldwin was on the throne, the kingdom lost no territory[111] and flourished economically and spiritually.[112] Baldwin understood the importance of curbing Saladin's power, which was reflected in his choice of ministers. He did not devise strategy or diplomacy alone, and delegated Church patronage and finances to his mother, Agnes, and uncle, Joscelin, respectively.[32] His chief contribution was his determination not to abdicate before finding a suitable successor, despite leprosy making government an unbearable burden.[113] As was clear during his reign and especially in its disastrous aftermath, Baldwin alone preserved unity in the kingdom.[114]

19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.

Contemporary Christian theologians were divided on the issue of leprosy.

Christ in the affected.[115] Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser stigmatisation of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.[116] His subjects' acceptance of his illness confounded some Muslims.[114] Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani
wrote:

In spite of illness the Franks were loyal to him, they gave him every encouragement ... being satisfied to have him as their ruler; they exalted him ... they were anxious to keep him in office, but they paid no attention to his leprosy.[114]

Baldwin's public image may have been aided by his chastity, seen as evidence of extraordinary sanctity,[117] and his success against Saladin was interpreted as a sign of God's favour.[117] After the disastrous Seventh Crusade, a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus:

I have seen a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who was a leper, beat Saladin although he only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have come to such a pass that we round you up in the fields like cattle.[117]

Despite perceived sanctity Baldwin was not particularly devout. He was primarily a knight, both in character and in upbringing, and to contemporaries his most distinctive traits were his courage and honourableness.[117]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 23.
  2. ^ a b c d Hamilton 2000, p. 26.
  3. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 34.
  4. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 27.
  5. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 57–58.
  6. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 28.
  7. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 29.
  8. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 43.
  9. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 31.
  10. ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 32.
  11. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 38.
  12. ^ a b Runciman 1952, p. 404.
  13. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 40.
  14. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 40–41.
  15. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 41.
  16. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 42.
  17. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 30.
  18. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 84.
  19. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 88–89.
  20. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 90.
  21. ^ a b Runciman 1952, p. 405.
  22. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 95.
  23. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 96.
  24. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 100.
  25. ^ Mitchell 2000, p. 249.
  26. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 101.
  27. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 102.
  28. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 109.
  29. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 105–106.
  30. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 106.
  31. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 105.
  32. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 239.
  33. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 111.
  34. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 108.
  35. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 107–108.
  36. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 109–110.
  37. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 111–112.
  38. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 114, 127.
  39. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 117.
  40. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 118.
  41. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 411.
  42. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 110.
  43. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 122.
  44. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 414.
  45. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 12.
  46. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 120.
  47. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 123.
  48. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 127.
  49. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 131.
  50. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 130.
  51. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 138.
  52. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 415.
  53. ^ a b Runciman 1952, p. 416.
  54. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 133.
  55. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 134.
  56. ^ a b Runciman 1952, p. 417.
  57. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, pp. 135–136.
  58. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 418.
  59. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 238–239.
  60. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 422.
  61. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 419.
  62. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 143.
  63. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 146.
  64. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 139.
  65. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 140.
  66. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 154–155.
  67. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 155.
  68. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 156.
  69. ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 158.
  70. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 159.
  71. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 159–160.
  72. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 161.
  73. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 161–162.
  74. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. xviii, xx.
  75. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 167.
  76. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 168.
  77. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 171.
  78. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 172–178.
  79. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 174.
  80. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 175.
  81. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 176.
  82. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 177–178.
  83. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 179.
  84. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 187, 240.
  85. ^ Mitchell 2000, p. 253.
  86. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 188.
  87. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 189.
  88. ^ a b c d Riley-Smith 1973, p. 107.
  89. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 191.
  90. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 192.
  91. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 193–194.
  92. ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 195.
  93. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 196, 241.
  94. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 196.
  95. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 441.
  96. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 196–197.
  97. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 197.
  98. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 201.
  99. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 202–203.
  100. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 442.
  101. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 204.
  102. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 204–205.
  103. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 205–206.
  104. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 207–208.
  105. ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 210.
  106. ^ a b Runciman 1952, p. 444.
  107. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 216.
  108. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 218.
  109. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 220.
  110. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 230–232.
  111. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 235.
  112. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 238.
  113. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 240.
  114. ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 241.
  115. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 242.
  116. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 257.
  117. ^ a b c d Hamilton 2000, p. 243.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Baldwin IV.".
  • Hamilton, Bernard (2000). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press.
    ISBN 9780521017473
    .
  • Mitchell, Piers D. (2000). "An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world". The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. By Hamilton, Bernard. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–258.
    ISBN 9780521017473
    .
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1973). The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1147–1277. Macmillan.
  • ISBN 0241298768
    .
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Jerusalem
1174–1185
with Baldwin V (1183–1185) 		Succeeded by
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