Baldwin II of Jerusalem
Baldwin II | |
---|---|
Joscelin I | |
Born | c. 1075 Rethel, Kingdom of France |
Died | 21 August 1131 (aged c. 56) Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem |
Burial | Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem |
Spouse | Morphia of Melitene |
Issue |
|
House of Rethel | |
Father | Hugh I, Count of Rethel |
Mother | Melisende of Montlhéry |
Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (French: Baudouin; c. 1075 – 21 August 1131), was
Baldwin was ransomed by his cousin,
Baldwin of Boulogne, the first king of Jerusalem, died on 2 April 1118. He bequeathed Jerusalem to his brother Count
Bohemond II came to Syria in October 1126. Baldwin gave his second daughter,
Early life
His birth year is unknown. It is only known that his father, Count
Baldwin's cousin
Baldwin rejoined the main crusader army, which was marching towards Jerusalem, near
Count of Edessa
First years
Baldwin was staying in Antioch when Baldwin of Boulogne decided to leave Edessa.[20] He was a military commander of the troops of Bohemond I of Antioch who had recently been captured by Danishmend Gazi.[20][21][22] Baldwin of Boulogne summoned Baldwin from Antioch and granted him the County of Edessa.[23][24] Baldwin swore fealty to Baldwin of Boulogne,[25] who left Edessa for Jerusalem on 2 October 1100.[26]
Baldwin married
One of his cousins, Joscelin of Courtenay, came to Edessa in 1102.[25] Baldwin granted him lands to the west of the Euphrates.[25][32] When the Egyptians invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem in May, Baldwin of Boulogne—who had been crowned king of Jerusalem—sent envoys to Tancred (who ruled Antioch) and Baldwin, seeking their assistance.[33] They assembled their troops and marched to Jerusalem together, but by the time they arrived in late September, the Egyptians had returned to their headquarters at Ascalon.[34][35] The three crusader rulers made a raid against Ascalon, but Tancred and Baldwin soon returned to their realms.[36]
Tancred's ambitions in northern Syria irritated both Baldwin and Bernard of Valence, the Latin patriarch of Antioch.[32] They started negotiations with Danishmend Gazi regarding Bohemond's release.[32][37] Kogh Vasil, the Armenian lord of Raban and Kaisun, and Bohemond's Italian kinsmen contributed to his ransom.[32][37] Bohemond was set free in May 1103.[38] Baldwin granted villages to the Armenian prelate, Barsegh Pahlavuni,[39] because he wanted to strengthen his position among his Armenian subjects.[40]
First captivity
Baldwin's troops made frequent raids against the fertile plains around Harran.[41][42] Sökmen and Jikirmish, the atabeg of Mosul, made an alliance and invaded Edessa in May 1104.[41] While their troops were assembling at Ras al-Ayn, Baldwin sent envoys to Joscelin and Bohemond and persuaded them to make a joint attack against Harran.[43][44] Baldwin, Bohemond and Joscelin went together to Harran and entered into negotiations with the Seljuq garrison for a peaceful surrender.[45][44] However, both Baldwin and Bohemond wanted to seize the wealthy town and the crusader army started disintegrating because of their conflict.[42]
Sökmen and Jikirmish attacked the crusaders' camp at Harran on 7 May.
Jikirmish laid siege to Edessa, but Tancred routed his troops, forcing him to flee.[50] Jikirmish then took Baldwin to Mosul.[51] Tancred captured a Seljuq princess of Jikirmish's household at Edessa.[50][52] Jikirmish offered to pay 15,000 bezants in ransom, or to release Baldwin in return for her liberty.[50][52] Bohemond and Tancred preferred the money and Baldwin remained imprisoned.[50][53] Before his departure for Europe in the autumn, Bohemond appointed Tancred to rule Antioch and their kinsman, Richard of Salerno, was entrusted with the administration of Edessa.[54][55]
A Turkish soldier of fortune, Jawali Saqawa, captured Jikirmish and seized Mosul in 1107.[55][56] Joscelin started negotiations with Jawali over the release of Baldwin.[51] Jawali demanded 60,000 dinars and the release of the Muslim prisoners from Edessa.[51] The Seljuq Sultan, Muhammad I Tapar, made the Mamluk Mawdud atabeg of Mosul.[57] When Mawdud expelled Jawali from Mosul, Jawali fled to the fortress of Qalat Jabar, taking Baldwin with him.[58] Joscelin paid 30,000 dinars to Jawali and offered himself as hostage to guarantee the payment of the balance.[58][59] Jawali, who needed allies against Mawdud, accepted the offer and released Baldwin in the summer of 1108.[58][60][61]
Conflicts
Baldwin went to Edessa after his release, but Tancred demanded his oath of fealty in exchange for the town.[61][62] Baldwin refused and went to Turbessel.[46][58] After Tancred carried out a raid against Turbessel, they started peace negotiations, but could not reach a compromise.[58] Baldwin made an alliance with Kogh Vasil against Tancred.[58][55] Oshin of Lampron also sent troops—300 Pecheneg horsemen—to join them.[63] Their raids against the Principality of Antioch persuaded Tancred to accept the arbitration of the Catholic prelates,[46][64][65] who decided in favor of Baldwin; he returned to Edessa on 18 September 1108.[66][65]
In accordance with his treaty with Jawali, Baldwin released most of the Muslim prisoners held in Edessa.[62][64] He also allowed the Muslim burghers of Saruj to build a mosque, and executed the unpopular rais (or governor) of the town, who was a convert from Islam.[64][67] Jawali's alliance with Baldwin alarmed Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, the Seljuq ruler of Aleppo, which brought about a rapprochement between Radwan and Tancred.[64][52] When Jawali launched a military expedition against Aleppo, Baldwin and Joscelin of Courtney joined him, while Tancred came to assist Radwan.[46][64] Radwan and Tancred routed Jawali, Baldwin and Joscelin near Turbessel in late September 1108.[66][68]
Baldwin fled the battlefield to a nearby fortress.
Mawdud's campaigns
The Seljuq sultan instructed Mawdud to unite his troops with the
Baldwin and Tancred accused each other of having incited the invasion.
In July 1111 Mawdud launched a new invasion against the county and laid siege to Turbessel.
Mawdud's invasions devastated the eastern regions of the county, but Joscelin's fief at Turbessel still flourished.[79][90] In 1113 Baldwin persuaded Joscelin to come to Edessa, saying that he was dying and wanted to make his last will.[90] Stating that Joscelin had not sent enough food to Edessa, Baldwin had him imprisoned and only released him after Joscelin renounced Turbessel.[90][93] Joscelin soon left the county for Jerusalem, where Baldwin I granted Galilee to him.[93] A new reconciliation between the crusader leaders was brought about by marriage alliances: Baldwin's sister, Cecilia, was given in marriage to Roger of Salerno, who had succeeded Tancred in Antioch in late 1112; and Joscelin married Roger's sister, Maria.[94]
Expansion
While Baldwin was away from his capital to take possession of Turbessel, the Armenians of Edessa continued to plot against him.[95] He returned to the town and ordered the transportation of the Armenian townspeople to Samosata.[93][95] After the Armenians started to move to Kaisun, Baldwin allowed those who remained in Samosata to return to Edessa in early 1114.[93][95]
Mawdud's successor,
Taking advantage of the weakening of the Seljuqs' power after Roger of Salerno's victory at the
King of Jerusalem
Ascension to the throne
The childless Baldwin I of Jerusalem died on 2 April 1118, during a campaign against Egypt.
The question of Baldwin I's succession divided the barons and the prelates, according to William of Tyre.
Baldwin promised the County of Edessa to Joscelin, but Joscelin remained in the kingdom to secure the defence of Galilee.
Eustace accepted the barons' invitation and left Boulogne for Jerusalem.[108] He had travelled as far as Apulia when he was informed of Baldwin's ascension to the throne.[108] The delegates tried to convince him to continue his journey, saying that Baldwin's election was illegal, but Eustace preferred to return home.[108]
Muslim threat
His predecessor's last campaign against Egypt brought about a rapprochement between Egypt and Damascus.
Ilghazi, Toghtekin and the Munquidites of Shaizar made an alliance and their troops started raiding Antioch and Edessa in May 1119.[113][114] Roger sent envoys to Baldwin, urging him to come to the north to fight against the invaders.[113][114] The envoys met with Baldwin in Tiberias, because he had just concluded a short campaign against a Bedouin tribe in Oultrejourdain.[115] He gathered troops and departed for Antioch, taking a portion of the True Cross with him.[113] Roger did not wait until Baldwin's arrival and marched from Antioch. On the plains of Sarmada[116][117] Ilghazi's army encircled the crusaders' camp and on 28 June inflicted a major defeat in the Battle of the "Field of Blood".[112][118] Roger and hundreds of his soldiers died fighting and most who survived the battle were taken prisoner. Antioch was left almost undefended, but Ilghazi did not attack the city.[119]
Baldwin and Pons of Tripoli reached Antioch in late July or early August.[120][121] The leaders of the city acknowledged Baldwin as regent for the lawful prince, the ten-year old Bohemond II, who was living in southern Italy.[120][122] Baldwin distributed the estates of the noblemen who had perished in the Field of Blood among his retainers, mainly through giving the widows of the deceased lords to them in marriage.[120][123] Meanwhile, Ilghazi and Toghtekin joined their forces and started to capture the Antiochene fortresses to the east of the Orontes River.[124] Baldwin gathered almost all available crusader troops and marched against the Muslims as far as Tell Danith near Zardana.[124][122] The crusaders and the united armies of Toghtekin and Ilghazi clashed in the Battle of Hab on 14 August.[112] According to Walter the Chancellor, the crusaders routed the Muslims, but Matthew of Edessa stated that "neither side was defeated nor was victorious".[122] Baldwin returned to Antioch two days later, where the townspeople and the patriarch gave him a "victor's welcome".[122] Before leaving Antioch, he granted the County of Edessa to Joscelin of Courtenay.[112]
Baldwin and his wife were crowned king and queen in Bethlehem on Christmas Day.[125] He and the Patriarch held a general assembly at the Council of Nablus on 16 January 1120.[123] The prelates and noblemen who attended the meeting confirmed the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense".[126] The council also ordered the punishment of adulterers, pimps, sodomites and bigamists, and prohibited sexual relations between Christians and Muslims.[126][127] Other decrees established penalties against thieves and those who falsely accused others of crimes.[126][127] The decisions of the council were the first examples of law making in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[112]
A confraternity of knights established by
Ilghazi and his nephew, Belek Ghazi, invaded Edessa and Antioch in May 1120.[132][133] Being responsible for the defense of the northern crusader states, Baldwin decided to again lead his troops to Antioch, but a significant group of the Jerusalemite noblemen and clergy opposed the expedition.[134][135] Patriarch Warmund refused to accompany the royal army and allowed Baldwin to take the True Cross with him only after lengthy negotiations.[134][135] Baldwin and his army reached Antioch in June.[132] Ilghazi agreed to sign a one-year truce, which secured the possession of Kafartab and two other fortresses for the crusaders.[132][136]
Baldwin returned to Jerusalem only in early 1121, after Toghtekin made a raid against Galilee.[136] In July, he invaded Damascene territory and destroyed a fortress that Toghtekin had recently erected near Jerash.[136] David IV of Georgia routed the united armies of Ilghazi and the Seljuq prince Toghrul Arslan in August.[136] Taking advantage of Ilghazi's weakness, Baldwin launched a military campaign across the Orontes. In November this forced Ilghazi's son to hand over to the crusaders Zardana, Atarib and other forts that Ilghazi had captured the previous year.[132][136]
In early 1122 Pons of Tripoli refused to pledge allegiance to Baldwin for unknown reasons.[132][134] After Baldwin mustered his troops and marched against Tripoli, Pons paid homage to him without resistance.[137] Ilghazi and Belek laid siege to Zardana in June, but Baldwin and Joscelin of Edessa's arrival forced them to lift the siege in July.[132] Belek ambushed and captured Joscelin near Saruj on 13 September.[138] Ilghazi reoccupied Atarib,[139] but he died on 3 November 1122.[138] His lands were divided among his sons and nephews.[139] Baldwin, who was still in Antioch, persuaded Badr ad-Daulah Suleiman, the new ruler of Aleppo, to restore Atarib to the crusaders on 2 April 1123.[139] Baldwin recaptured Birejik and made Geoffrey, Lord of Marash, regent of Edessa.[139]
Second captivity
Baldwin made a raid towards
On learning of Baldwin's captivity, Patriarch Warmund convoked the prelates and barons to an assembly which elected
The contemporaneous Galbert of Bruges recorded that delegates came to Flanders from Jerusalem during Baldwin's captivity.[153][154] They stated that Baldwin "was grasping and penurious and had not governed the people of God well".[155][156] They offered the crown to Charles the Good, the Count of Flanders.[157] Bruges's report shows that a faction of the Jerusalemite nobility attempted to dethrone the captive Baldwin.[153][154][158] Being the head of the lineage from which the first two rulers of Jerusalem were descended, and also the overlord of their brother, Eustace, Charles the Good was an ideal candidate for the throne. However, he refused the offer.[157] Murray tentatively associates the leader of the discontented noblemen with the Flemish Eustace Grenier.[158]
Belek died fighting against one of his rebellious officials on 6 May 1124,
Wars
Baldwin went to Antioch where Patriarch Bernard reminded him that he had not been authorized to renounce Antiochene territories and on 6 September 1124 forbade him to cede fortresses to Timurtash.[159][163][164] On 6 October, Baldwin laid siege to Aleppo where the hostages for his ransom were held.[159][164] Dubais ibn Sadaqa, and two Seljuq princes, Sultan Shah and Toghrul Arslan, joined him and Timurtash did not support the besieged town.[163] Al-Bursuqi decided to intervene and gathered his troops.[165] On learning of al-Bursuqi's approach, Dubais ibn Sadaqa withdrew from Aleppo, which forced Baldwin to lift the siege on 25 January 1125.[165][166]
After more than two years absence, Baldwin returned to Jerusalem on 3 April.[165][166] He renegotiated the Pactum Warmundi with the Venetians, approving most of its terms in the so-called Pactum Balduini, but also stipulating that the Venetians were to provide military assistance to the kingdom.[167] After al-Bursuqi, Toghtekin and Khirkan of Homs captured Kafartab and laid siege to Zardana, Baldwin again went north.[165] Few knights accompanied him from the kingdom, which according to Murray and Barber may have been a sign of discontent over his frequent campaigns.[153][168] Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin of Edessa joined him and they defeated the Seljuqs at the Battle of Azaz in late May. The battle has been described by historian Peter Lock as "one of the bloodiest engagements in the history of the crusader states".[166] Spoils seized enabled Baldwin to pay off his ransom before his return to Jerusalem.[169]
The careers of some influential lords started around the time when Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in 1125.
Succession
After reaching the age of majority, Bohemond II of Antioch came to Syria to claim his inheritance in October 1126.[176] His arrival put an end to Baldwin's rule in Antioch, but Bohemond married Baldwin's second daughter, Alice.[156] Baldwin, who had no sons, made his eldest daughter, Melisende, his heir in 1126 or 1127.[108]
Baldwin had already realized that the crusaders were unable to conquer Damascus without further reinforcements from Europe.
Baldwin dispatched William I, Archbishop of Tyre, and Robert, Bishop of Lydda and Ramla, to the Holy See.[182] Pope Honorius II stated that Baldwin was the lawful ruler of Jerusalem in a letter of 29 May 1129.[183] Christopher Tyerman and Hans Eberhard Mayer agree that the pope wrote his letter to remove any doubts about the legitimacy of Baldwin's rule.[154][183] On the other hand, Stephen of La Ferté, who had succeeded Warmund of Picquigny as patriarch in July 1128, turned against Baldwin and demanded Jerusalem for the patriarchate.[184]
Fulk of Anjou arrived to the Holy Land in the spring of 1129.[185] He married Melisende and Baldwin granted them the two wealthiest towns of the kingdom, Tyre and Acre.[185] Hugh of Payns, who had achieved the adoption of the statutes of the Knights Templar at the Council of Troyes, returned to the kingdom accompanied by new crusaders.[186][187]
Toghtekin's successor, Taj al-Muluk Buri, ordered the massacre of the Nizari in Damascus in September 1129.[188] The Nizari's local leader, Ismail al-Ajami, sent envoys to Baldwin and offered the fortress of Banias to the crusaders in return for receiving asylum in the kingdom.[188] Baldwin accepted the offer and his troops seized Banyas.[187] Taking advantage of the presence of the new crusaders, he also decided to launch an attack on Damascus.[189] He gathered all available troops and marched as far as the Wooden Bridge, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-west of the town, in November.[189] After Buri's Turcoman horsemen routed a detachment of the crusader army and a heavy storm turned the plains around Damascus into a large marshland, Baldwin had to return to Jerusalem in early December.[189][190]
After the
According to William of Tyre, Baldwin fell seriously ill after his return from Antioch.[195] He was already dying when he made arrangements for his succession in August 1131.[196] He was transferred to the patriarch's palace near the Holy Sepulchre where he bequeathed the kingdom to Fulk, Melisende and their infant son, Baldwin.[195] He took monastic vows and entered the collegiate chapter of the Holy Sepulchre, where he died on 21 August.[197] He was buried in the Holy Sepulchre.[195][198]
Ancestry
Baldwin was a younger son of
The main concern are the identities of Baldwin II's paternal grandmother and great-grandmother. The Chronicles of Alberic of Trois-Fontaine[202] (written in 1119) describes Yvette, sister of Ebles I of Roucy as "mother of Hugh I, Count of Rethel". This is the traditional genealogy given for Baldwin II.[203] Notwithstanding, considering her family history, such assertion is chronologically impossible. Jean-Nöel Mathieu raises the fundamental objection that Ebles I (who died in 1033), could not have had a sister who was still alive in 1081, instead he argues that she must have been confused with the wife of Manasses II.[204][205]
Li Estoire de Jerusalem et d'Antioche,
Alan V. Murray says that the primary sources suggest that Baldwin II's connection to his predecessors "was not particularly close", and that Baldwin was most probably related to their mother, Ida of Lorraine.[208] Thomas Asbridge says that Baldwin was their second cousin instead.[14]
The family tree below is the reconstruction based on the above two records, which makes Baldwin II a first cousin once removed of his predecessors through their mother. Asbridge's view would match the alternate hypothesis that has Godfrey III's wife Doda as Manasses III's sister instead of his mother-in-law. There is also a hypothesis that Judith was Eustace II's sister.[204] However, Murray objects that there is no allusion of this daughter nor of any other connection between the Rethel and Boulogne families in Genealogica comitum Boloniensium', a compilation of the Boulogne genealogy which was being copied and extended by the mid-twelfth century, when the descendants of Manasses III were ruling the kingdom of Jerusalem. The three women in question are in italics.
Godfrey III of Lower Lorraine | Doda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manasses III of Rethel | Judith | Eustace II of Boulogne | Ida of Lower Lorraine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hugh I of Rethel | Melisende, daughter of Guy I of Montlhéry | Godfrey of Bouillon | Baldwin I of Jerusalem | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gervais of Rethel | Baldwin II of Jerusalem | Matilda of Rethel | Eustace III of Boulogne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kingdom of Jerusalem | County of Rethel | County of Boulogne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Family
Most Armenians adhered to the Armenian Apostolic Church, but Baldwin's wife, Morphia, was born to an Orthodox noble family.[209][29] Her father, Gabriel, gave her in marriage to Baldwin, because he needed the crusaders' support against his enemies.[210] Morphia gave birth to four daughters.[178] She died on 1 October 1126 or 1127.[108]
The eldest daughter of Baldwin and Morphia, Melisende, succeeded Baldwin along with her husband, Fulk.
Legacy
Baldwin's contemporaries often criticized him.
William of Tyre described Baldwin as "a devout and God-fearing man, notable for his loyalty and for his great experience in military matters," and said that he was nicknamed "the Thorny" (cognominatus est Aculeus).[citation needed] Ibn al-Qalanisi, who calls him "Baldwin the Little" (Baghdawin al-ru'aiuis) to distinguish him from Baldwin I, remarked that "after him there was none left amongst them possessed of sound judgment and capacity to govern".[citation needed]
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- ^ Tibble 1989, p. 82.
- ^ Tibble 1989, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Mayer 1985, pp. 142–143.
- ^ a b Mayer 1985, p. 143.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 151.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 146.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 146–147.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 40.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 180.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 147–148.
- ^ a b c Maalouf 1984, p. 115.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 152.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 184.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 116.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 149.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 184–185.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 185.
- Ioveta.)
- ^ a b Murray 1992, p. 5.
- ^ Murray 1992, pp. 7–9.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 55, 62.
- ^ 'Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium', ed. Paulus Scheffer-Boichorst, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, vol. 23 (Hanover, 1874), pp. 631–950.
- ^ Murray 1992, p. 26.
- ^ a b Mathieu, Jean-Nöel (1997). "Sur les comtesses de Rethel au XI siècle". L'Histoire des Comtes de Rethel et les Comtes de Porcien. revue historique ardennaise 32: 3–19.
- ISBN 1-900934-01-9.
- ^ de Chartres, Foucher (1895) [1122]. Li Estoire de Jerusalem et d'Antioche. Volume 5 de Recuil des Croisades, Historiens occidentaux.
- ^ 'Cartulaire de Saint-Vanne de Verdun' of 1065: Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine and his wife Beatrice confirm a donation made to Count Manasses and his son Renauld. The problem here is that nothing indicates this Manasses is the Count of Rethel or another Count Manasses who lived in the same period.
- ^ Murray 1992, p. 6.
- ^ Murray 1992, p. 186.
- ^ MacEvitt 2010, p. 77.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 157.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 158, 160.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 150.
Sources
Primary sources
- William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
- ISBN 978-0-231-13671-6
Secondary sources
- ISBN 978-0-19-517823-4.
- ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
- Bianca, Stefano (2007). Syria: Medieval Citadels Between East and West. Umberto Allemandi for Aga Khan Trust for Culture. ISBN 978-8-84221-449-6.
- Fink, Harold S. (1969). "The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Hundred Years. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409. ISBN 978-1-58684-251-2.
- Köhler, Michael (2013). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1.
- Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6.
- ISBN 978-0-86356-023-1.
- MacEvitt, Christopher (2010). The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4050-4.
- JSTOR 1291522.
- Murray, Alan V. (1992). "Dynastic continuity or dynastic change? Accession of Baldwin II and the nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Medieval Prosopography. 13: 1–27. ISSN 0198-9405.
- Murray, Alan V. (1994). "Baldwin II and his Nobles: Baronial Factionalism and Dissent in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1118–1134". Nottingham Medieval Studies. 38: 60–85. ISSN 0078-2122.
- Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125. Prosopographica et Geneologica. ISBN 978-1-9009-3403-9.
- ISBN 978-0-521-06161-2.
- ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.
- Tibble, Steven (1989). Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822731-1.
- ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1.
Further reading
- Amouroux-Mourad, Monique (1988). Le comté d'Edesse, 1098–1150. P. Geuthner.
- Asbridge, Thomas (2013). "How the Crusades Could Have Been Won". How the Crusades Could Have Been Won: King Baldwin II of Jerusalem's Campaigns against Aleppo (1124–5) and Damascus (1129). Vol. 11. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 73–94. )
- Ferdinandi, Sergio (2017). La Contea Franca di Edessa. Fondazione e Profilo Storico del Primo Principato Crociato nel Levante (1098-1150) [The Frankish County of Edessa. The Establishment and Historical Profile of the First Crusader State in the Levant (1098–1150)]. Pontificia Università Antonianum – Rome. ISBN 978-88-7257-103-3.
- Phillips, Jonathan (1996). Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations between the Latin East and the West, 1119–1187. Oxford University Press.
- Schaeffer, Paul Bigelow (1915). Some Aspects of the Government of Baldwin II, Second Latin King of Jerusalem (MA thesis). University of Wisconsin.
External links
- Media related to Baldwin II of Jerusalem at Wikimedia Commons