Baldwin of Forde
Baldwin of Forde | |
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Hugh d'Eu |
Baldwin of Forde or Ford[1] (c. 1125 – 19 November 1190) was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1185 and 1190. The son of a clergyman, he studied canon law and theology at Bologna and was tutor to Pope Eugene III's nephew before returning to England to serve successive bishops of Exeter. After becoming a Cistercian monk he was named abbot of his monastery at Forde and subsequently elected to the episcopate at Worcester. Before becoming a bishop, he wrote theological works and sermons, some of which have survived.
As a bishop, Baldwin came to the attention of King Henry II of England, who was so impressed he insisted that Baldwin become archbishop. In that office, Baldwin quarrelled with his cathedral clergy over the founding of a church, which led to the imprisonment of the clergy in their cloister for more than a year. Baldwin spent some time in Wales with Gerald of Wales, preaching and raising money for the Third Crusade. After the coronation of Richard I of England, the new king sent Baldwin ahead to the Holy Land, where he became embroiled in the politics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin died in the Holy Land while participating in the crusade.
Ecclesiastical career
Born in
Baldwin attracted the attention of
Baldwin became a monk in about 1170, and then abbot of the Cistercian monastery of
Baldwin became Bishop of Worcester on 10 August 1180.[18] While at Worcester, he impressed King Henry II by intervening in a secular case to prevent a hanging on a Sunday.[19] Although the medieval writer Walter Map said that Baldwin was determined to continue writing even after his election to the bishopric, none of Baldwin's writings can be dated to his time as bishop except for one sermon.[2]
Archbishop of Canterbury
Baldwin was
Baldwin received his
Dispute with Christ Church Priory
During his time as archbishop there was a dispute with the monks of Christ Church Priory in Canterbury, who resented Baldwin's attempts to impose stricter control over them and disputed the legitimacy of Baldwin's election. For his part, Baldwin did not approve of the luxurious and pampered life the monks of Christ Church lived,[25] and felt that they profited too much from the cult of Thomas Becket.[26]
The dispute escalated when Baldwin deprived the monks of some of the revenues of their monastic estates. After that, Baldwin proposed to establish a church dedicated to Becket in Canterbury itself, staffed by
Service to King Henry
In 1188 King Henry II of England called for a tax to support the Third Crusade, following the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187.[29] It was collected at the rate of a tenth of all the property and income of any person not vowing to go on crusade.[30] It was popularly known as the "Saladin tithe" and was the most extensive tax ever collected in England up to that point.[31] Being a tithe and not a secular tax, it was collected by dioceses rather than by shires. Baldwin especially was blamed for its harshness,[32] although in February, along with his advisor Peter of Blois, he was in Normandy with the king.[33]
Baldwin took the cross, or vowed to go on crusade, along with King Henry and many others in January 1188,[34] or when he began his preaching campaign on 11 February 1188 to drum up support for the Third Crusade.[35] According to the archbishop's secretary, Peter of Blois, Baldwin was initially opposed to joining the crusade, but was persuaded by Peter to take the cross and to preach the crusade, arguing that it was the archbishop's duty to defend "the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts".[36] Baldwin preached the crusade with Gilbert of Glanville, bishop of Rochester, at Henry's council at Geddington and in April 1188, Baldwin was in Wales on a tour attempting to secure support for the king's crusade, and was forcing his servants and followers to exercise on foot up and down hills in preparation for the journey to the Holy Land.[37][38] He spent most of the year in Wales, preaching the crusade, accompanied by the chronicler Gerald of Wales.[32][c] Gerald claimed about 3000 recruits for the crusade from his and Baldwin's efforts in Wales,[40] although he also suggested that Baldwin mainly embarked on the tour to avoid his dispute with the Canterbury monks.[41]
A side effect of Baldwin's tour of Wales was the implied assertion of royal authority in a section of Henry's domains that had always been somewhat fractious. Baldwin was also asserting his ecclesiastical authority over the Welsh bishops, especially when he made a point of celebrating
Baldwin was with King Henry shortly before the latter's death, taking part in unsuccessful efforts to negotiate a truce with Henry's heir, Prince Richard, who had rebelled against his father.
Under Richard
After the death of Henry II, and the accession of Richard as king, the monks of Christ Church Priory petitioned Richard to intercede in the long-running dispute between them and the archbishop. In November 1189, Richard and the whole court, including the Queen Mother
Third Crusade
In April 1190 Baldwin left England with Richard on the Third Crusade.[52] Leading the English advance guard,[53] Baldwin left Marseilles ahead of Richard together with Hubert Walter and Ranulf de Glanvill. The group sailed directly to Syria on 5 August 1190.[34][42] Baldwin delegated the administration of his spiritualities and temporalities to Gilbert Glanvill, the Bishop of Rochester, but entrusted any archiepiscopal authority to Richard FitzNeal, the Bishop of London. The custom of giving the archiepiscopal authority to London had originated in Archbishop Lanfranc's time.[54][d] Baldwin continued to conduct some ecclesiastical business however, dealing with the suspended Hugh Nonant, the Bishop of Coventry. Baldwin had suspended Nonant in March 1190 for holding secular office as sheriff, but Baldwin wrote to FitzNeal after his departure that Nonant had agreed to relinquish his secular offices.[55][e]
Baldwin and his group arrived at Tyre on 16 September 1190.[34] Richard did not arrive in Syria until 1191.[52] It is unclear exactly why they were sent ahead of the king; perhaps it was to look out for the king's interests while Richard took a more leisurely route, or perhaps to rid the king's entourage of a family grouping around Glanvill that the king did not trust. Baldwin was not a member or close associate of the Glanvill faction, so most likely he was sent ahead to look after the king's interests, whatever the reasons for the inclusion of his companions.[42] Another concern may have been to get help to the Kingdom of Jerusalem as quickly as possible after the king learned of Frederick Barbarossa's death on the way to the Holy Land.[56]
When Baldwin arrived at
Soon after Baldwin's arrival, there was a succession crisis in the
Baldwin supported Guy's claim, but
Writings and studies
De sacramento altaris, dealing with the eucharist and passover, is Baldwin's longest surviving work, in 12 manuscripts.[2] It also includes a discussion of martyrdom that reads much like a vindication of Becket's status as a martyr.[65] It was first printed in 1662, and has more recently been edited and published in the series Sources Chrétiennes, as volumes 93 and 94, in 1963.[1] Others works include 22 sermons, and a work on faith,[2] De commendatione fidei, that only survives in two manuscripts, although another five are known to have existed. One of the missing manuscripts survived until at least the mid-1600s, as it formed the basis of the first printed edition of De commendatione fidei in 1662.[66] The modern critical edition of De commendatione was published, along with the sermons, in 1991 as Balduini de Forda Opera: Sermones, De Commendatione Fidei,[67] with the De commendatione fidei translated into English in 2000.[68]
Renowned for his preaching, Baldwin's surviving sermons show that interest in them continued after his death.[69] His sermons were first published in 1662; the modern edition includes two more (titled de obedientia and de sancta cruce) that were not in the original publication. It appears that originally there were 33 sermons, with the others now lost.[1] The sermons survive in 12 manuscripts, although only 5 are collections of substantial numbers of the works. None of the surviving manuscripts has a complete collection of the 22 sermons.[70][g]
Baldwin also collaborated with Bartholomew Iscanus on a Liber penitentialis, which is jointly ascribed to both of them in a
Besides Baldwin's own writings, there is a decretal collection known as the Collectio Wigorniensis, still extant in manuscript (MS) form. It now resides in the British Library as Royal MS 10.A.ii. This collection may have belonged to Baldwin. It was probably compiled at Worcester Cathedral before December 1184, when Baldwin went to Canterbury, and besides a basic collection of Pope Alexander III's decretals it includes a number of letters from the papacy addressed to Baldwin as Bishop of Worcester and as Archbishop of Canterbury. Although the main contents are unexceptional, the compiler of the work numbered the books and capitula into which the work was divided, an innovation that allowed for much more efficient use of the collection. It is likely that the compiler was one of Baldwin's clerks, and that this testified to Baldwin's continuing interest in canon law.[74] The manuscript itself was likely owned either by Baldwin himself or a member of his household.[75]
The historian Frank Barlow stated that Baldwin was "one of the greatest English decretalists".[4] His work was more influential in his inspiration and support for the development of decretal collections, rather than in terms of the actual influence of his judicial decisions themselves.[76] Another collection of writings associated with Baldwin is the correspondence relating to his dispute with the Christ Church monks. The documents relating to this dispute, which dragged on into the archbishopric of Hubert Walter, are published in one whole volume of the Rolls Series, which was edited by the Victorian historian William Stubbs.[77]
Reputation
Baldwin's long-running dispute with his cathedral chapter caused the chronicler Gervase of Canterbury to characterise him as "a greater enemy to Christianity than Saladin."[78] Another contemporary, Gerald of Wales, praised Baldwin as "distinguished for his learning and religion",[79] but also claimed that he was gloomy and nervous.[6] Herbert of Bosham dedicated his History of Thomas, a story of Thomas Becket, to the archbishop in the late 1180s.[80] The historian A. L. Poole called Baldwin a "distinguished scholar and deeply religious man, [but he] was injudicious and too austere to be a good leader."[25] Baldwin was also known as a theologian, as well as being a canon lawyer.[81] His clerk and nephew, Joseph of Exeter,[69] accompanied Baldwin on the crusade, and wrote two works after his return to England: Antiocheis, an epic poem about King Richard on crusade, and De Bello Trojano, a rewriting of the Trojan War.[82]
Notes
- ^ Baldwin is often stated to have been Archdeacon of Exeter, instead of Totnes, but this is an error, probably stemming from the fact that John of Salisbury addressed him with that title. The general practice of the time, however, was to address all the archdeacons of a diocese as archdeacons of that diocese, rather than by their more specific territorial title.[8]
- ^ The monks opposed his appointment,[7] and contemporary writers are universal in their condemnation of his morals.[27]
- ^ Gerald wrote up the events of the tour as Itinerarium Kambriae, or Journey through Wales, written in 1191. The historian Christopher Tyerman says of Gerald's work that it is an "invaluable if self-glorifying personal account".[39]
- ^ This division of authority between Glanvill and FitzNeal caused a quarrel between the two men during the enthronement of Hubert Walter as archbishop in 1193.[54]
- ^ Nonant appears to have never actually resigned the offices, as in June he was still negotiating with the king about his holding of a number of shires.[55]
- ^ The delay was caused, as Baldwin explained to the monks of Canterbury in a surviving letter, by the illness of some of his companions.[34]
- Oxford University.[73]
Citations
- ^ a b c d Sharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp. 66–67
- ^ a b c d e f g Holdsworth "Baldwin" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 509
- ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket p. 37
- ^ Barlow "Warelwast, Robert de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b c Morey Bartholomew of Exeter pp. 105–109
- ^ a b c d e Knowles Monastic Order pp. 316–324
- ^ Morey Bartholomew of Exeter pp. 120–121
- ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket p. 184
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 103
- ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester p. 36
- ^ Knowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses p. 132
- ^ Greenway "Worcester: Bishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 552
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 90
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 155–157
- ^ Morey Bartholomew of Exeter p. 36
- ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 278
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 554
- ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 232
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 555
- ^ Young Hubert Walter p. 12
- ^ Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" English Church and the Papacy p. 73
- ^ Robinson Papacy p. 173
- ^ a b Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 221
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 271
- ^ Knowles Monastic Order pp. 321–322
- ^ Little Religious Poverty p. 32
- ^ Warren Henry II pp. 607–608
- ^ Lyon Constitutional and Legal History p. 269
- ^ Powell and Wallis House of Lords p. 89
- ^ a b Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 296
- ^ Southern "Peter of Blois" Studies in Medieval History p. 209
- ^ a b c d e Young Hubert Walter pp. 33–36
- ^ Tyerman God's War p. 378
- ^ Bennett Elite Participation pp. 33-4
- ^ Bennett Elite Participation p. 35
- ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades pp. 60–61
- ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 157 and p. 410 footnote 17
- ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 161
- ^ Tyerman God's War p. 393
- ^ a b c Tyerman England and the Crusades pp. 66–69
- ^ Tyerman God's War p. 385
- ^ Gillingham Richard I p. 97
- ^ Gillingham Richard I p. 104
- ^ Turner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart p. 73
- ^ Gillingham Richard I p. 107
- ^ a b Gillingham Richard I pp. 110–111
- ^ Knowles Monastic Order pp. 331–333
- ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 557
- ^ Young Hubert Walter p. 76
- ^ a b Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 115
- ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 57
- ^ a b Young Hubert Walter pp. 94–95
- ^ a b Franklin "Nonant, Hugh de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Tyerman God's War p. 441
- ^ Tyerman God's War pp. 409–410
- ^ a b Gillingham Richard I pp. 148–149
- ^ Bennett Elite Participation p. 54
- ^ Hosler Siege of Acre pp. 89-94
- ^ Bennett Elite Participation p. 60
- ^ Bennett Elite Participation pp. 60-61
- ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 179
- ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 63
- ^ Smalley Becket Conflict pp. 218–220
- ^ Freeland and Bell "Introduction" Baldwin of Forde p. 13
- ^ Freeland and Bell "Introduction" Baldwin of Forde p. 11
- ^ Freeland and Bell "Introduction" Baldwin of Forde
- ^ a b Cheney From Becket to Langton pp. 28–29
- ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera p. vii
- ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera p. xv
- ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera p. xx
- ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera pp. vii–xii
- ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester pp. 197–200
- ^ Duggan Twelfth-century Decretal Collections pp. 114–115
- ^ Duggan Twelfth-century Decretal Collections pp. 118–119
- ^ Brooke English Church & the Papacy pp. 224–225
- ^ Quoted in Gillingham Richard I pp. 119–120
- ^ Quoted in Smalley Becket Conflict p. 218
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 263
- ^ Knowles Monastic Order p. 645
- ^ Mortimer Angevin England p. 210
References
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- Bennett, Stephen (2021). Elite Participation in the Third Crusade. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-78327-578-6.
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- Cheney, Mary G. (1980). Roger, Bishop of Worcester 1164–1179: An English Bishop of the Age of Becket. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821879-6.
- Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". In Lawrence, C. H. (ed.). The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages (1999 Reprint ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. pp. 63–116. ISBN 0-7509-1947-7.
- Duggan, Charles (1963). Twelfth-century Decretal Collections and their Importance in English History. London: Athlone Press. OCLC 188968.
- Franklin, M. J. (2004). "Nonant, Hugh de (d. 1198)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20245. Retrieved 14 January 2008. (subscription or UK public library membershiprequired)
- Freeland, Jane Patricia; Bell, David N. (2000). "Introduction". Baldwin of Forde: The Commendation of Faith. Cistercian Fathers Series. Vol. 65. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-759-X.
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- ISBN 0-300-07912-5.
- Greenway, Diana E. (1971). "Worcester: Bishops". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
- Holdsworth, Christopher (2004). "Baldwin [Baldwin of Forde] (c.1125–1190)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. required)
- Hosler, John. D. (2018). The Siege of Acre, 1189-1191, Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade. New Haven & London: Yale. ISBN 978-0-300-21550-2.
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- ISBN 0-521-05479-6.
- ISBN 0-521-80452-3.
- Little, Lester K. (1983). Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9247-5.
- Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England (Second ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-95132-4.
- Morey, Adrian (1937). Bartholomew of Exeter: Bishop and Canonist, A Study in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 154144997.
- Mortimer, Richard (1994). Angevin England 1154–1258. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16388-3.
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- Robinson, I. S. (1990). The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31922-6.
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- Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire 1189–1199. The Medieval World. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-25660-7.
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- ISBN 0-520-03494-5.
- Young, Charles R. (1968). Hubert Walter: Lord of Canterbury and Lord of England. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. OCLC 443445.
Further reading
- Bell, D. (1984). "The Corpus of the Work of Baldwin of Ford". Citeaux. 35: 215–234.
- Duggan, C. (1961). The Trinity Collection of Decretals and the Early Worcester Family. New York: Fordham University Press. OCLC 33457124.