Bali tiger

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Bali tiger
A Bali tiger killed by M. Zanveld in the 1920s
A Bali tiger killed by M. Zanveld in the 1920s
Extinct (1950s)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species:
P. tigris

Subspecies:
P. t. sondaica
Population: †Bali tiger

The Bali tiger was a

Panthera tigris sondaica population on the Indonesian island of Bali[1] which has been extinct since the 1950s.[2]

It was formerly regarded as a distinct

scientific name Panthera tigris balica, which had been assessed as extinct on the IUCN Red List in 2008.[2] In 2017, felid taxonomy was revised, and it was subordinated to P. t. sondaica, which also includes the still surviving Sumatran tiger.[1]

Results of a

last glacial period 11,000–12,000 years ago.[3]

In Bali, the last tigers were recorded in the late 1930s. A few individuals likely survived into the 1940s and possibly 1950s. The population was hunted to

extirpation and its natural habitat converted for human use.[4]

Balinese names for the tiger are harimau Bali and samong.[5]

Taxonomic history

In 1912, the German zoologist

Senckenberg Museum collection, that had originated in Bali. He named it Felis tigris balica and argued that it is distinct from the Javan tiger by its brighter fur colour and smaller skull with narrower zygomatic arches.[6]
In 1969, the distinctiveness of the Bali tiger was questioned, since morphological analysis of several tiger skulls from Bali revealed that size variation is similar to Javan tiger skulls. The hue and striping pattern of fur neither differ significantly.[7] A comparison of
monophyletic group distinct and equidistant from tigers in mainland Asia.[3]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the

P. t. sondaica.[1]

Characteristics

Ringling Bros
, ca. 1915

The Bali tiger was described as the smallest tiger in the

occipital plane, which is analogous with the shape of tiger skulls from Java.[8] Skins of males measured between the pegs are 220 to 230 cm (87 to 91 in) long from head to end of tail; those of females 190 to 210 cm (75 to 83 in). The weight of males ranged from 90 to 100 kg (200 to 220 lb), and of females from 65 to 80 kg (143 to 176 lb).[9]

Habitat and ecology

Most of the known Bali tiger zoological specimens originated in western Bali, where mangrove forests, dunes and savannah vegetation existed. The main prey of the Bali tiger was likely the Javan rusa (Rusa timorensis).[10]

Extinction

A hunting party with a tiger shot in northwestern Bali, November 1911
A preserved skin of Bali tiger

At the end of the 19th century,

rice fields were established foremost on Bali's rich volcanic northern slopes and the alluvial strip around the island. Tiger hunting started after the Dutch gained control over Bali.[10]
During the Dutch colonial period, hunting trips were conducted by European sportsmen coming from Java, who had a romantic but disastrous
muntjac, and then shoot them at close range. Surabayan gunmaker E. Munaut is confirmed to have killed over 20 tigers in only a few years.[11]
In 1941, the first game reserve, today's West Bali National Park, was established in western Bali, but too late to save Bali's tiger population from extinction. It was probably eliminated by the end of World War II. A few tigers may have survived until the 1950s, but no specimen reached museum collections after the war.[10]

A few tiger skulls, skins and bones are preserved in museums.

Naturalis museum in Leiden and the Zoological Museum of Bogor, Indonesia, which owns the remnants of the last known Bali tiger. In 1997, a skull emerged in the old collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum and was scientifically studied and properly documented.[12]

Cultural significance

The tiger had a well-defined position in Balinese folkloric beliefs and magic. It is mentioned in folk tales and depicted in traditional arts, as in the

Klungkung kingdom. The Balinese considered the ground powder of tiger whiskers to be a potent and undetectable poison for one's foe. A Balinese baby was given a protective amulet necklace with black coral and "a tiger's tooth or a piece of tiger bone".[13]
The traditional Balinese Barong dance preserves a figure with the mask of a tiger called Barong Macan.[14]

Balinese people are fond of wearing tiger parts as jewelry for status or spiritual reasons, such as power and protection. Necklaces of teeth and claws or male rings cabochoned with polished tiger tooth ivory still exist in everyday use. Since the tiger has disappeared on both Bali and neighboring Java, old parts have been recycled, or leopard and sun bear body parts have been used instead.[citation needed]

See also

  • Holocene extinction

References

  1. ^ a b c Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 66–68.
  2. ^ a b Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951.
  3. ^
    PMID 25754539
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-8155-1133-5
    .
  5. ^ Crawfurd, J. (1820). History of The Indian Archipelago, Volume II. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co.
  6. ^
    doi:10.1080/00222931208693243
    .
  7. ^ Hemmer, H. (1969). "Zur Stellung des Tigers (Panthera tigris) der Insel Bali". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 34: 216–223.
  8. ^ Mazak, V.; Groves, C. P.; Van Bree, P. (1978). "Skin and Skull of the Bali Tiger, and a list of preserved specimens of Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz, 1912)". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 43 (2): 108–113.
  9. JSTOR 3504004
    .
  10. ^ a b c Seidensticker, J. (1986). "Large carnivores and the consequences of habitat insularization: ecology and conservation of tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh". In S. D. Miller; D. D. Everett (eds.). Cats of the World: biology, conservation, and management. Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation. pp. 1–41.
  11. ^ Vojnich, G. (1913). A Kelet-Indiai Szigetcsoporton [in the East Indian Archipelago]. Budapest: Singer és Wolfner.
  12. ^ Buzas, B. and Farkas, B. (1997). An additional skull of the Bali tiger, Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica Volume 11: 101–105.
  13. ^ Covarrubias, M. (1937). Island Of Bali. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. p. 105.
  14. JSTOR 43563555
    .

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Panthera tigris balica.
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