Balinese temple
A Pura is a
Etymology
The term pura originates from the
Design and layout
Unlike the common towering indoor Hindu temples of the
- Nista mandala (jaba pisan): the outer zone, which directly connects the pura compound with the outer realm and the entrance to the temple. This zone usually takes the form of an open field or a garden that can be used for religious dance performances, or act as an additional space for preparations during religious festivals.
- Madya mandala (jaba tengah): the middle zone of the temple, where the activity of adherents takes place, and also the location for supporting facilities of the temple. In this zone usually, several pavilions are built, such as the bale kulkul (wooden Slit drum tower), bale gong (gamelan pavilion), wantilan (meeting pavilion), bale pesandekan, and bale perantenan, the temple's kitchen.
- Utama mandala (jero): the holiest and the most sacred zone within the pura. This enclosed and typically highest of the compounds usually contains a vedicchanting pavilion), bale piyasan, bale pepelik (offering pavilion), bale panggungan, bale murda, and gedong penyimpenan (storehouse of the temple's relics).
However, the layout rules for arrangements of the facilities of the two outer zones, nista mandala and madya mandala, are somewhat flexible. Several structures, such as the bale kulkul, could be built as outer corner tower; also, the perantenan (temple kitchen) could be located in the Nista mandala.
Gates
There are two types of gates within Balinese architecture: the split gate, known as candi bentar,[4] and the roofed tower gate known as paduraksa or kori agung. Both types of gates have specific roles in Balinese architectural design. Candi bentar is the gate used in the nista mandala, while the kori agung is employed as the gate between the madya mandala and Utama mandala inner compounds. The rules for gate types are also valid for non-religious compounds such as puri, nobles' and kings' residences.
Types of pura
There are several types of pura, each serving certain functions of Balinese rituals throughout the
- Pura Kahyangan Jagad
- Puras are located in the mountainous region of the island, built upon mountain or volcano slopes. The mountains are considered as the sacred magical and haunted realm, the abode of gods or Mother Temple of Besakih complex on the slopes of Mount Agung. Another example is Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta on the slopes of Mount Salak, West Java.
- Pura Tirta
- "Water temples", a type of pura that other than religious function, also have a water management function as part of Pura Tirta Empul.
- Pura Desa
- A type of pura dedicated to the worship of Brahma the Gods and deities, that are located within villages or cities, serving as the center of Balinese people's religious activities.
- Pura Puseh
- A type of pura dedicated to the worship of Vishnu.
- Pura Dalem
- A type of pura dedicated to the worship of Shiva, Durga, Mother nature, Banaspatiraja (barong), Sang Bhuta Diyu, Sang Bhuta Garwa, and other deities, usually Shiva's shakti, Durga, is venerated in this temple. In the human life cycle, the temple is connected to rituals concerning death. It is also common for a pura dalem to have a big tree like a banyan tree or a kepuh which is usually also used as a shrine. The Pura Dalem is typically located next to the graveyard of the deceased before ngaben (cremation) ceremony.
- Pura Mrajapati
- A type of pura to worship prajapati (the lord of people) or the cosmic might. Most often, in this temple, Shiva is worshipped in his form as prajapati.
- Pura Segara
- "Sea temples", are a pura that are located by the sea to appease the sea Gods and deities. It is usually important during the Melasti ritual. One example of this type of temple is Pura Tanah Lot and Pura Uluwatu.
Sad Kahyangan
The Sad Kahyangan, Sad Kahyangan Jagad, or the "six sanctuaries of the world" are the six holiest places of worship in Bali.[6] According to Balinese beliefs, they are the pivotal points of the island and are meant to provide spiritual balance to Bali. The number of these most sacred sanctuaries always adds up to six, but depending on the region, the specific temples that are listed may vary.[7] A list of the Sad Kahyangan may include:[8]
- Pura Besakih in Karangasem, the "mother temple" of Bali almost always included
- Pura Lempuyang Luhur in Karangasem
- Klungkung
- Badung
- Tabanan
- Gianyar
Dang Kahyangan
Based on the ejection of Dwijendra Tattwa, which in this study was determined as Dang Hyang Nirartha's history, which in Balinese society is commonly called the History of Gede, mentioned Pura Parama Dharma, which is to pretend that Dang Kahyangan was built by Dang Hyang Nirartha or was awakened by the community to respecting and remembering Dharmayatra (religious holy journey) Dang Hyang Nirartha mentioned several 34 temples, some of them:[9]
- Pura Yeh Jeruk in Gianyar
- Pura Pekendungan near Tanah Lot in Tabanan
- Pura Dalem Sakenan on Serangan island
- Pura Tirta Empul in Tampaksiring
- Pura Penataran Sasih in Pejeng
- Pura Dasar Bhuana in Gelgel
- Bangli
Sea Temples
Bali has several important "sea temples" (Balinese: pura segara), which were founded in the 16th century by a
Listed counterclockwise from Nirartha's legendary point of arrival in Bali, some of the most prominent Balinese sea temples include:
- Pura Pulaki near Pemuteran, northeast of Gilimanuk (8°8′44″S 114°40′50″E / 8.14556°S 114.68056°E).
- Pura Gede Perancak, to the south of Negara (8°24′5″S 114°36′40″E / 8.40139°S 114.61111°E).
- Shwedagon.
- Pura Tabanan city where two puras were built on a coastal rock overlooking the Indian Ocean as the shrine to honor sea deities. (8°37′16″S 115°5′12″E / 8.62111°S 115.08667°E).
- Pura Luhur Uluwatu, at the southwestern extremity of the Bukit Peninsula (8°49′44″S 115°5′7″E / 8.82889°S 115.08528°E). This is the only Balinese sea temple that is also one of the six Balinese directional temples.
- Pura Mas Suka, at the southern tip of the Bukit Peninsula, near Greenbowl Beach (8°50′52″S 115°10′11″E / 8.84778°S 115.16972°E).
- Pura Sakenan on Serangan island, an island between Tanjung Benoa and Sanur (8°43′31″S 115°13′47″E / 8.72528°S 115.22972°E).
See also
- Balinese architecture
- Pura Besakih
- Candi of Indonesia
- Dambana
- List of Hindu temples in Indonesia
Notes
- ^ "Temples in Bali". Bali Directory. Archived from the original on 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ "Mount Agung and Pura Besakih". Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ "Traditional Balinese Architecture". School of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ "Bali:The Land of Temples". Indo.com. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ "Babad Bali - Pura Kahyangan Jagat". www.babadbali.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-05-20.
- ^ "Sacred Sites of Bali". Sacred Sites. Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ Balinese temples
- ^ Nopen Sugiarta (16 April 2016). "Sad Kahyangan Jagat di Pulau Dewata" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ "Pura-Pura Dang Kayangan Warisan Dang Hyang Dwijendra" (in Indonesian). Dharmopadesa. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ "Important Balinese temples | Bali Blog". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21.
- ^ "Bali Hotel Villa Blog Culture Travel Guide Indonesia – BALIwww.COM » Pura Rambut Siwi". Archived from the original on 2013-09-07. Retrieved 2015-01-21.
References
- Sudharta, Tjok. Rai. Beda Sadkahyangan dengan Sadwinayaka, Kolom Tatwa. Majalah Sarad Bali, Ed. No. 69/Tahun VII, Januari 2006.
External links
- Balinese Temples (Mapview) at Bali.com
- Pura Besakih (description) Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine at footprint guides
- Pura Penataran Agung (layout) Rough Guideto Bali & Lombok