Ballistic missile
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A ballistic missile (BM) is a type of
History
One modern pioneer ballistic missile was the A-4,[1] commonly known as the V-2 developed by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under the direction of Wernher von Braun. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942, and it began operation on September 6, 1944, against Paris, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, more than 3,000 V-2s had been launched.[2]
The R-7 Semyorka was the first intercontinental ballistic missile.[3]
Flight
An intercontinental ballistic missile
Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g., transporter erector launchers), aircraft, ships, and submarines. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple rocket stages.[4]
When the fuel is exhausted, no more
The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric
Types
Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:
- Air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM)
- Tactical ballistic missile: Range from about 150 to 300 kilometres (93 to 186 mi)
- Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): Range from 300 to 3,500 kilometres (190 to 2,170 mi)
- Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range from 300 to 1,000 kilometres (190 to 620 mi)
- Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range from 1,000 to 3,500 kilometres (620 to 2,170 mi)
- Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range from 3,500 to 5,500 kilometres (2,200 to 3,400 mi)
- Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi)
- Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM): Launched from ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs)
Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver
Quasi-ballistic missiles
A quasi-ballistic missile is a category of
List of quasi-ballistic missiles
- LORA (active)
- Iskander(active)
- MGM-140 ATACMS (active)[11]
- Precision Strike Missile (under development)[12]
Hypersonic ballistic missile
Many ballistic missiles reach
Throw-weight
Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile
Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the Soviet Union and the United States.[16] The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.[17]
The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the Russian
Depressed trajectory
Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal
A depressed trajectory is non-optimal, as a lower and flatter trajectory takes less time between launch and impact but has a lower throw-weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are to evade
In contrast, a "lofted" trajectory is frequently used for testing purposes, as it reduces the range of the missile (allowing for a controlled and observed impact), as well as signals a lack of hostile intention with the test.[20][18]
Combat use
The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:
- 9K720 Iskander
- Ababil-100
- Al-Samoud 2
- DF-12[21][22]
- Fateh-110
- Ghadr-110[23]
- LORA[24][25]
- MGM-140 ATACMS
- OTR-21 Tochka
- Qaher-1/2M[26]
- Scud
- Toufan (Houthi version of Iranian Ghadr-110)[27]
- V-2
- Zolfaghar
- Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
See also
- Ballistic missile flight phases
- Missile (guided)
- MIRV
- NATO reporting name (has lists of various Soviet missiles)
- Surface-to-surface missile
- Weapons of mass destruction
- List of currently active missiles of the United States military
- List of ICBMs
- List of missiles
- List of missiles by nation
- List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines
Notes
- ISBN 978-1-84176-541-9.
- ^ Clayton K. S. Chun (2006). Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 54.
- ^ "Launching The Space Age". airandspace.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ a b c McFadden, Christopher (4 December 2017). "What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work?".
- ^ "North Korea launches 'highest ever' ballistic missile". BBC. 28 November 2017.
- ^ a b "Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat". Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017.
- ^ "Why Pralay quasi-ballistic missile, tested by DRDO today, will be a 'game-changer' for Army". ThePrint. 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
- ^ "MLRS For Army and Indigenous Capability". SPS Land Forces.
- ^ "Missile marvels: India makes a mark with its growing capabilities". Financialexpress. 27 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "MGM-140 ATACMS Short-Range Ballistic Missile | MilitaryToday.com". www.militarytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- ^ "Precision Strike Missile (PrSM)". Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- ^ "'National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons". www.science.org. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ Gale, Alastair. "What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them?". WSJ. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- ^ "What is throw weight?". The New York Times. 15 July 1991. pp. 10, Sec. A. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ James John Tritten, Throw-Weight and Arms Control Archived 2007-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Air University Review, Nov-Dec 1982.
- ^ What Is Throw-Weight? Archived 2022-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, July 15, 1991.
- ^ a b Druckmann, Erez; Ben-Asher, Joseph (28 Aug 2012). "Optimal In-flight Trajectory Modifications for Ballistic Missiles and Rockets". Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics. 35 (2): 462 – via Aerospace Research Central.
- ^ Science & Global Security, 1992, Volume 3, pp.101-159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities [1] Archived 2013-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Why North Korea's missile tests are going higher and further". Reuters. 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ "The National Interest: Blog".
- ^ "Two missiles target Ethiopian airports as Tigray conflict widens". 14 November 2020.
- ^ "Little and large missile surprises in Sanaa and Tehran".
- ^ "Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia". 2 October 2020.
- ^ "In a first, Israel shoots down a ballistic missile in space". 5 November 2023.
- ^ "A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia | FDD's Long War Journal". 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel". Amwaj.media. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
References
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books.
Further reading
- Bath, David W. Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force (Naval Institute Press, 2020) online book review
- Futter, Andrew (2013). Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War. ISBN 978-0-415-81732-5.
- Neufeld, Jacob (1990). The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960. Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force. ISBN 0-912799-62-5.
- Swaine, Michael D.; Swanger, Rachel M.; Kawakami, Takashi (2001). Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense. Rand. ISBN 0-8330-3020-5.
External links
- Missile Threat: A Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies
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