Baloch people
بلۏچ | |
---|---|
Total population | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Jadgali, Punjabi
Second language: Indo-Iranian peoples |
The Baloch (
Assimilation of non-Baloch tribes[a] into the Baloch tribal system has been a major phenomenon throughout the history of Baloch people, and today a significant Baloch population has diverse origins.[19] The majority of the Baloch reside within Pakistan. About 50% of the total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of Balochistan,[20] while 40% are settled in Sindh and a significant albeit smaller number reside in the Pakistani Punjab. They make up 3.6% of Pakistan's total population, and around 2% of the populations of both Iran and Afghanistan.[21]
Etymology
The exact origin of the word "Baloch" is unclear. According to the Baloch historian Naseer Dashti (2012), the name of the ethnic group derives from 'Balaschik' living in
History
According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from
By the 9th century,
Baloch culture
Gold ornaments such as necklaces and bracelets are an important aspect of Baloch women's traditions and among their most favoured items of jewellery are dorr, heavy earrings that are fastened to the head with gold chains so that the heavy weight will not cause harm to the ears. They usually wear a gold brooch (tasni) that is made by local jewellers in different shapes and sizes and is used to fasten the two parts of the dress together over the chest. In ancient times, especially during the pre-Islamic era, it was common for Baloch women to perform
Baloch Culture Day is celebrated by the Balochi people annually on 2 March with festivities to celebrate their rich culture and history.[46]
Baloch tribes
Tradition
Traditionally,
Divisions
As of 2008 it was estimated that there were between eight and nine million Baloch people living in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. They were subdivided between over 130 tribes.[49] Some estimates put the figure at over 150 tribes, though estimates vary depending on how subtribes are counted.[50] The tribes, known as taman, are led by a tribal chief, the tumandar. Subtribes, known as paras, are led by a muqaddam.[51]
Five Baloch tribes derive their names from Khan's children. Many, if not all, Baloch tribes can be categorized as either Rind or Lashari based on their actual descent or historical tribal allegiances that developed into cross-generational relationships.[citation needed] This basic division was accentuated by a war lasting 30 years between the Rind and Lashari tribes in the 15th century.[52]
Pakistan
In 2008, there were 180,000 Bugti based in Dera Bugti District. They are divided between the Rahija Bugti, Masori Bugti, Kalpar Bugti, Marehta Bugti and other sub-tribes.[49][53][full citation needed]
There are 98,000
Tribalism
Violent intertribal competition has prevented any credible attempt at creating a nation-state. A myriad of militant secessionist movements, each loyal to their own tribal leader, threatens regional security and political stability.[55]
Genetics
For most Balochs, haplogroup R1a is the most common paternal clade,[56] while haplogroup L-M20 is the most common paternal clade in Makran.
Religion
The majority of the Baloch people in Pakistan are Sunni Muslims, with 64.78% belonging to the
800,000 Pakistani Balochis are estimated to follow the
A small number of Balochs are non-Muslims, particularly in the
Baloch people from Pakistan
- Mir Jafar Khan Jamali (1911–1967), a veteran politician from Muslim League and a tribal leader from Balochistan. He was a close friend of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[59]
- Mir Chakar Rind, (1468–1565), Baloch folk hero
- Zafarullah Khan Jamali (1944–2020), the 15th prime minister of Pakistan.[60]
- Asif Ali Zardari (born 1955), the 11th president of Pakistan.
- Nabi Bakhsh Baloch (1917–2011), research scholar, historian, educationist and linguist in Urdu, English, Persian and Sindhi languages.
- caretaker prime minister of Pakistanfrom 25 March to 5 June 2013.
- Asif Saeed Khan Khosa (born 1954), the 26th chief justice of Pakistan.[61]
- Sardar Usman Buzdar (born 1969), former chief minister of Punjab province.[62][63]
- Tehreek-e-Insaf.
- Quratulain Balouch, Pakistani American singer and songwriter.
- Abdul Rashid Ghazi (1964–2007), Pakistani Diplomat and Religious Cleric.[64]
- Farooq Leghari (1940–2010), the 8th president of Pakistan.[65]
- Maulana Muhammad Abdullah (1935–1998), Islamic scholar who served as Chairman of Ruet-e-Hilal Committee.[66]
- Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan Gadhi, (born 1961) Member of the Provincial Assembly and Ex-Minister for Counter Terrorism Punjab.
- Kiran Maqsood Baluch (born 1978), a Pakistani woman cricketer.
- Maulana Abdul Aziz, (born 1960), Imam of Red Mosque
- Aftab Baloch (1953–2022), a former Pakistani cricketer.
- Zulfiqar Ali Khosa (born 1935), a former governor of Punjab province.
- Mir Hazar Khan Khoso (1929–2021), a former Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan.
- Latif Khosa (born 1946), a former Governor of Punjab.
- Muhammad Muqeem Khan Khoso (1949–2016), a former Chief Sardar of the Khoso Tribe and former Member of the Provincial Assembly from PS-14 Jacobabad.
- Sarfraz Bugti (born 1981), a former home minister of Balochistan. Currently a member of the senate.
- Abdul Quddus Bizenjo (born 1970), the current chief minister of Balochistan.
- Sanaullah Khan Zehri (born 1961), the 15th chief minister of Balochistan.[67]
- Siraj Raisani (1963–2018), a member of Balochistan Awami Party.[68] He is also a recipient of the Sitara-e-Shujaat (star of bravery).[69]
- Sherbaz Khan Mazari (1930–2020), a Baluch veteran politician.
- Sardar Mir Balakh Sher Mazari (1928–2022), the interim prime minister of Pakistan in a 1993 caretaker government.[70]
- Abdul Qadir Baloch (born 1945), a retired General in the Pakistan army. Currently a Pakistani politician.
- Balochistan in Pakistan.[71]
- Akbar Bugti (1926–2006), the former Tumandar of the Bugti tribe and Minister of State of Balochistan Province.
- Muniba Mazari (born 1987), human rights activist, artist and motivational speaker.
- Yasir Nawaz (born 1970), director, producer, screenwriter and actor.
- Naz Baloch (born 1981), Pakistani female politician.
- Danish Nawaz (born 1978), television actor, director and comedian.
- Mahnoor Baloch (born 1970), Canadian Pakistani actress.
- Eva B, hip hop rapper and singer.
- Bilal Lashari (born 1981), Pakistani filmmaker, cinematographer, screenwriter and actor.
- Kaifi Khalil (born 1996), singer-songwriter.
- Hasnain Lehri (born 1989), Pakistani actor and model.
- Qandeel Baloch: Pakistani model, actress, feminist and social media celebrity.
- Anmol Baloch: Pakistani television actress and model.
See also
- Baloch of Iran
- Baloch of Pakistan
- Baloch people in the United Arab Emirates
- Baloch of Turkmenistan
- Baloch of Oman
- Baloch people in India
- Al Balushi
- Balochi cuisine
- Indo-Iranian peoples
- Baloch nationalism
- 1898 Baloch uprising
Notes
References
- ^ "Iran Minorities 2: Ethnic Diversity". The Iran Primer. United States Institute of Peace. 3 September 2013.
Baluchis number between 4 million in Iran. They are part of a wider regional population of about 10 million spread across Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
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It [Balochi] is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf states, Turkmenistan, East Africa, and diaspora communities in other parts of the world.
- ^ "Number of Balochi-speaking people in Balochistan falls". Dawn News. 11 September 2017.
However, the total number of Baloch people has increased from 4 million in 1998 to 6.86m in 2017. The count does not include the population of two districts – Quetta and Sibi – where people of various ethnicities, including Baloch and Pashtun also reside.
- ^ "Ethnologue report of Languages of Iran (2023)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. 2019. p. 111.
An estimated 500,000–600,000 Baloch live in southern Afghanistan, concentrated in southern Nimroz Province, and to a lesser degree in Helmand and Kandahar provinces.
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- ^ a b Kamal Siddiqi (30 July 2009). "Hingol Temple Symbolises Baloch Secularism". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Over 100 Hindu Families in Pak Want To Migrate To India". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
Hindus have lived in several Baloch-dominated districts like Nushki, Dera Allah Yar, Mastung, Khuzdar, Kalat, Jaffarabad, Lasbela, Kharan, Sibi and Kachhi and territories inhabited by the Marri and Bugti tribes for centuries. Hindus are also part of the Bugti, Marri, Rind, Bezenjo, Zehri, Mengal and other Baloch tribes and live under the tribal system.
- ^ a b Roshni Nair (3 December 2016). "Mumbai's filmi daredevils with a cross-border history". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
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The Baloch are traditionally nomads, but settled agricultural existence is becoming more common; every chief has a fixed residence. The villages are collections of mud or stone huts; on the hills, enclosures of rough stone walls are covered with matting to serve as temporary habitations. The Baloch raise camels, cattle, sheep, and goats and engage in carpet making and embroidery. They engage in agriculture using simple methods and are chiefly Muslim.
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In southwestern Afghanistan the Baloch have traditionally been nomads, and some of them continue to lead a nomadic way of life today. Over the course of the twentieth century most Baloch settled down in the southwest and started a sedentary way of life based on pastoralism and irrigated agriculture. Repeated droughts during the last two decades caused many Baloch to give up livestock farming and agriculture,
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Lyari's first residents were Sindhi fishermen and Baloch nomads (pawans) from Makran, Lasbela and Kalat districts, flee- ing drought and tribal feuds. A first influx occurred around 1725, a few years before Sindhi banyas settled in Karachi and committed to expand it. A second wave of Baloch settlers arrived around 1770, when Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat, following an accord between the Khan and the Kalhora rulers of Sindh. A third wave of Baloch migra- tion took place after 1795, following the annexation of the city by the Talpur rulers of Sindh, which attracted Baloch tribesmen from interior Sindh and the Seraiki belt, many of whom found employment as guards, particularly at the Manora fort.
- ISBN 978-0-253-03026-9.
According to one of the members of the group's lead- ing (Sardar) family whom I met in Pakistan in 2012, the reason for abandoning the settlements in southern Nimruz was that the Sanjerani landowners were threatened by the "communist regime" in Afghanistan in the 1980s. So the Sanjerani moved almost completely to Baloch areas in Pakistan and Iran. At the same time the Brahui, Baloch groups of pastoral nomads, established the main local mujahideen faction, the Jabhe-ye Nimruz and took over most of the for- mer property of the Sanjerani (see below).
- ISBN 978-1-5275-3439-1.
The Baloch, like the Brahuis, are divided geographically into two groups, the Suleimani (northerners) and the Makrani (southerners) occupying the respective parts of the province, with the central areas inhabited by the Brahuis." Historically, they have also been a nomadic pastoral people living in the open and avoiding towns.
- ISBN 978-0-87808-352-7.
They are united by language and a common culture, and the name Baluch has the connotation of a tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralist, although most of them have never lived like that. The Baluch practice different combinations of agriculture and pastoralism.
- ISBN 978-3-319-30732-9.
Some pastoral groups in the world: (a) Tibetan in Qinghai, China; (b) Kirghiz in Badakhshan, Afghanistan: (c) Boran in Borana, Ethiopia; (d) Massai in Kenya; (e) Mongol in Inner Mongolia, China; (1) Tajik in Yangi Qala, Afghanistan; (g) Bedouin in Negev, Israel; (h) Baloch in northern Pakistan.
- ^ Zehi, Pirmohamad. "A Cultural Anthropology of Baluchis". Iran Chamber Society.
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- ^ Blood, Peter, ed. "Baloch". Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2013). "The World Factbook: Ethnic Groups". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan 2012, pp. 8, 33–34, 44.
- ^ a b Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan 2012, pp. 33–34.
- JSTOR 41682407.
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- ISBN 978-0857732651.
The Baloch tribes rise up from their original home in Aleppo, all sons of Mir Hamza (generally taken to be the uncle of the prophet Muhammad) to fight against the second Ummayad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala in 680. After Hoseyn is slain, the angered Balochi tribes wander way eastwards
- ^ Gidumal, Dayaram (1888). History of Alienations in the Province of Sind: Compiled from the Jagir and Other Records in the Commissioner's Office on the Authority of Bombay Government, Resolution No. 12, Dated 2nd January 1878, Revenue Department. Printed at the "Commissioner's Press".
- ^ Gazetteer. Government Central Press. 1880.
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- ^ Elfenbein, J. (1988). "Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Spooner, Brian (1988). "BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
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- ^ Grove, J. M., Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.
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- ^ "1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science". Ipcc.ch. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- ^ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh
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- ^ a b c d Tahir, Muhammad (3 April 2008). "Tribes and Rebels: The Players in the Balochistan Insurgency". Terrorism Monitor. 6 (7). Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ Baloch, Muhammad Amin (1999). Inside Ormara. Muhammad Amin Baloch. p. 83.
- ^ Bonarjee, P. D. (1899). A handbook of the fighting races of India. Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 47.
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- ^ "Justice Asif Saeed Khosa to be sworn in as 26th Chief Justice of Pakistan". thenews.com.pk.
- ^ Haider, Sikandar (18 August 2018). "Poorest Baloch tribe's chief set to rule Punjab". The Nation.
- ^ "CM Usman Buzdar's resignation accepted, Punjab cabinet dissolved". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ Walsh, Declan (2021). The Nine Lives of Pakistan: Dispatches from a Divided Nation. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 32–33.
- ^ "Farooq Ahmad Khan: Bhutto's pick, until he sacked her". The National. 30 October 2010.
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- ^ Notezai, Muhammad Akbar (10 January 2018). "Profile: Sanullah Zehri – more of a Sardar than a politician". Dawn. Pakistan.
- ^ "I am Siraj Khan Raisani Baloch & I will die a Pakistani". thenews.com.pk.
- ^ "President Alvi confers top civil, military awards for excellence on Pakistan Day". Dawn. Pakistan. 23 March 2019.
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Bibliography
- Dashti, Naseer (2012), The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State, Trafford Publishing, pp. 33–, ISBN 978-1-4669-5896-8
Further reading
- Axmann, Martin (2019). "Baluchistan and the Baluch people". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Bulookbashi, Ali A.; Asatryan, Mushegh (2013). "Balūch". In ISSN 1875-9831.
- Elfenbein, J. "Balochi Literature". In: Oral Literature of Iranian Languages. Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik. Ed. P. G. Kreyenbroek and U. Marzolph. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010. pp. 167–198. (A History of Persian Literature. ed. E. Yarshater. vol. 18. Companion vol. 2).