Balochistan, Pakistan
Balochistan
بلوچستان | ||
---|---|---|
Province of Balochistan | ||
Union Councils 978[6] | | |
Website | www |
Balochistan (
Although it makes up about 44% of the land area of Pakistan, only 5% of it is arable and it is noted for an extremely dry desert climate.[7][8] Despite this, agriculture and livestock make up about 47% of Balochistan's economy.[8]
The name "
History
Early history
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012) |
Balochistan occupies the very southeasternmost portion of the
The Hindu Sewa Dynasty ruled parts of Balochistan, chiefly
The remnants of the earliest people in Balochistan were the
Although during the Stone and Bronze Age and Alexander the Great's empire an indigenous population existed, the Baloch people themselves did not enter the region until the 14th century CE.[15] A theory of the origin of the Baloch people, the largest ethnic group in the region, is that they are of Median descent.[16]
Arrival of Islam
In 654, Abdulrehman ibn Samrah, governor of Sistan and the newly emerged
During the caliphate of
Pre-modern era
In the 15th century,
Colonial era
In 1876,
After independence
In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a
Initially aspiring for independence,
At a press conference on 8 June 2015 in Quetta, Balochistan's Home Minister Sarfraz Bugti accused India's prime minister Narendra Modi of openly supporting terrorism. Bugti implicated India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) of being responsible for recent attacks at military bases in Smangli and Khalid, and for subverting the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement.[40][41][42]
Gwadar, a region of Balochistan, was a colony of Oman for more than a century, and in the 1960s Pakistan took over the land. Many people in this region are therefore Omani.[43]
Geography
Balochistan is situated in the southwest of Pakistan and covers an area of 347,190 square kilometres (134,050 sq mi). It is Pakistan's largest province by area, constituting 44% of Pakistan's total landmass. The province is bordered by Afghanistan to the north and north-west, Iran to the south-west, Punjab and Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas to the north-east. To the south lies the Arabian Sea. Balochistan is located on the south-eastern part of the Iranian plateau. It borders the geopolitical regions of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Balochistan lies at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz and provides the shortest route from seaports to Central Asia. Its geographical location has placed the otherwise desolate region in the scope of competing for global interests for all of recorded history.
The capital city Quetta is located in a densely populated portion of the Sulaiman Mountains in the northeast of the province. It is situated in a river valley near the Bolan Pass, which has been used as the route of choice from the coast to Central Asia, entering through Afghanistan's Kandahar region. The British and other historic empires have crossed the region to invade Afghanistan by this route.[44]
Balochistan is rich in exhaustible and renewable resources; it is the second major supplier of natural gas in Pakistan. The province's renewable and human resource potential has not been systematically measured or exploited. Local inhabitants have chosen to live in towns and have relied on sustainable water sources for thousands of years.
Climate
The climate of the upper highlands is characterised by very cold winters and hot summers. In the lower highlands, winters vary from extremely cold in northern districts Ziarat, Quetta, Kalat, Muslim Baagh and Khanozai, where temperatures can drop to −20 °C (−4 °F), to milder conditions closer to the Makran coast. Winters are mild on the plains, with temperatures never falling below freezing point. Summers are hot and dry, especially in the arid zones of Chagai and Kharan districts. The plains are also very hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 50 °C (122 °F). The record highest temperature, 53 °C (127 °F), was recorded in Sibi on 26 May 2010,[45] exceeding the previous record, 52 °C (126 °F). Other hot areas include Turbat and Dalbandin. The desert climate is characterised by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally, strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable.
Government and politics
In common with the other provinces of Pakistan, Balochistan has a parliamentary form of government. The ceremonial head of the province is the
The
Besides dominant Pakistan-wide political parties (such as the
Administrative divisions
For administrative purposes, the province is divided into seven divisions: Kalat, Makran, Nasirabad, Quetta, Sibi, Zhob and Rakhshan. This divisional level was abolished in 2000, but restored after the 2008 election. Each division is under an appointed commissioner. The seven divisions are further subdivided into 36 districts:[46][47]
As of June 2021, there are eight divisions. The eighth division, Loralai Division was created by bifurcating Zhob Division.[48]
Sr. No. | District | Headquarters | Area
(km2)[49] |
Population
(2023)[49] |
Density
(people/km2)[49] |
Division |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Awaran | Awaran | 29,510 | 178,958 | 6.1 | Kalat |
2 | Barkhan | Barkhan | 3,514 | 210,249 | 59.8 | Loralai |
3 | Chagai | Dalbandin | 44,748 | 269,192 | 6.0 | Rakhshan |
4 | Chaman | Chaman | 1,341 | 466,218 | 347.7 | Quetta |
5 | Dera Bugti | Dera Bugti
|
10,160 | 355,274 | 35.0 | Sibi |
6 | Duki
|
Duki | 4,233 | 205,044 | 48.4 | Loralai |
7 | Gwadar | Gwadar | 12,637 | 305,160 | 24.2 | Makran |
8 | Harnai | Harnai | 2,492 | 127,571 | 51.2 | Sibi |
9 | Hub | Hub | N/A | N/A | N/A | Kalat |
10 | Jafarabad | Dera Allahyar
|
1,643 | 594,558 | 361.1 | Nasirabad |
11 | Jhal Magsi | Gandava | 3,615 | 203,368 | 56.2 | Nasirabad |
12 | Kachhi | Dhadar | 5,682 | 442,674 | 77.9 | Nasirabad |
13 | Kalat | Kalat
|
7,654 | 271,560 | 35.5 | Kalat |
14 | Kech | Turbat
|
22,539 | 1,060,931 | 47.0 | Makran |
15 | Kharan | Kharan | 14,958 | 260,352 | 17.4 | Rakhshan |
16 | Khuzdar | Khuzdar | 35,380 | 997,214 | 28.2 | Kalat |
17 | Kohlu | Kohlu | 7,610 | 260,220 | 34.2 | Sibi |
18 | Lasbela | Uthal | 15,153 | 680,977 | 44.9 | Kalat |
19 | Loralai | Loralai | 3,785 | 272,432 | 72.0 | Loralai |
20 | Mastung | Mastung | 3,308 | 313,271 | 94.7 | Kalat |
21 | Musakhel | Musa Khel Bazar
|
5,728 | 182,275 | 31.8 | Loralai |
22 | Nasirabad | Dera Murad Jamali
|
3,387 | 563,315 | 166.1 | Nasirabad |
23 | Nushki | Nushki | 5,797 | 207,834 | 35.9 | Rakhshan |
24 | Panjgur | Panjgur | 16,891 | 509,781 | 30.2 | Makran |
25 | Pishin | Pishin | 6,218 | 835,482 | 134.6 | Quetta |
26 | Quetta | Quetta | 3,447 | 2,595,492 | 754.3 | Quetta |
27 | Qila Abdullah
|
Jungle Pir Alizai | 3,553 | 361,971 | 102.3 | Quetta |
28 | Qilla Saifullah
|
Qilla Saifullah
|
6,831 | 380,200 | 55.7 | Zhob |
29 | Sherani | Sherani | 4,310 | 191,687 | 44.5 | Zhob |
30 | Sibi | Sibi | 7,121 | 224,148 | 31.5 | Sibi |
31 | Sohbatpur | Sohbatpur | 802 | 240,106 | 299.6 | Nasirabad |
32 | Surab | Surab | 762 | 279,038 | 366.5 | Kalat |
33 | Washuk | Washuk | 33,093 | 302,623 | 9.1 | Rakhshan |
34 | Zhob | Zhob | 15,987 | 355,692 | 22.2 | Zhob |
35 | Ziarat | Ziarat | 3,301 | 189,535 | 57.4 | Kalat |
36 | Usta Muhammad | Usta Muhammad | N/A | N/A | N/A | Nasirabad |
Demographics
Historical populations | ||
---|---|---|
Census | Population | Urban |
| ||
1901 | 810,746[50]: 5 | N/A |
1911 | 834,703[50]: 5 | N/A |
1921 | 799,625[50]: 5 | N/A |
1931 | 868,617[50]: 5 | N/A |
1941 | 857,835[50]: 5 | 13.30%[50]: 2 |
1951 | 1,167,167 | 12.38% |
1961 | 1,353,484 | 16.87% |
1972 | 2,428,678 | 16.45% |
1981 | 4,332,376 | 15.62% |
1998 | 6,565,885 | 23.89% |
2017 | 12,344,408 | 27.55% |
2023 | 14,894,402 | 30.96% |
Balochistan's population density is low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. In March 2012, preliminary census figures showed that the population of Balochistan, not including the districts of Khuzdar, Kech and Panjgur, had reached 13,162,222, an increase of 139.3% from 5,501,164 in 1998. The population constituted 6.85% of Pakistan's total population. This was the largest increase in population in any province of Pakistan during that time period, almost thrice the national increase of 46.9%.[51][52][53] Official estimates of Balochistan's population grew from approximately 7.45 million in 2003 to 7.8 million in 2005.[54] The 2023 Census enumerated a population of 14,894,402.
Languages and ethnicities
According to the preliminary results of the 2023 census, the languages with the most native speakers in the province are Balochi, spoken by 39.91% of the population (an increase of 4% compared to the 2017 census), and Pashto whose share is at 34.34%.[56]
The Pashtuns mainly inhabit the north of Balochistan and form the majority in Quetta. Baloch on the other hand are found throughout Balochistan, but most highly concentrated in the west and south of the province.
Brahui is spoken by 17.22% mainly in the central part of Balochistan. Other languages include Sindhi (3.81%), Saraiki (2.19%), Punjabi (0.59%), Urdu (0.53%) and others at (1.5%).[56]
Balochi forms the majority in 21 districts and Pashto forms majority in 9 districts of Balochistan.
According to the Ethnologue, households speaking Balochi, whose primary dialect is Makrani constitutes 13%, Rukhshani 10%, Sulemani 7%, and Khetrani 3% of the population. Other languages spoken are Lasi, Urdu, Punjabi, Hazargi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Dehvari, Dari, Tajik, Hindko, Uzbek, and Hindki.[60]
The 2005 census concerning Afghans in Pakistan showed that a total of 769,268[61] Afghan refugees were temporarily staying in Balochistan. However, there are probably fewer Afghans living in Balochistan today as many refugees repatriated in 2013. As of 2015, there are only 327,778 registered Afghan refugees according to the UNHCR.[62]
Mother Tongue | 1911[63]: 32 | 1921[64]: 31 | 1931[65]: 85 | 2017[66] | 2023[67] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Balochi | 233,240 | 27.94% | 225,368 | 28.18% | 267,074 | 30.75% | 4,377,825 | 35.49% | 5,811,185 | 39.91% |
Pashto | 227,553 | 27.26% | 201,873 | 25.25% | 207,181 | 23.85% | 4,359,533 | 35.34% | 4,955,245 | 34.03% |
Brahui | 145,299 | 17.41% | 139,727 | 17.47% | 127,479 | 14.68% | 2,112,295 | 17.12% | 2,507,157 | 17.22% |
Sindhi | 121,849 | 14.6% | 111,412 | 13.93% | 153,032 | 17.62% | 562,309 | 4.56% | 555,198 | 3.81% |
Punjabi/Saraiki/Hindko[b] | 75,641 | 9.06% | 80,706 | 10.09% | 69,869 | 8.04% | 500,164[c] | 4.05% | 429,715[d] | 2.95% |
Urdu[e] | 10,983 | 1.32% | 16,267 | 2.03% | 17,131 | 1.97% | 100,528 | 0.81% | 77,249 | 0.53% |
Dehwari | 7,579 | 0.91% | 6,268 | 0.78% | 5,233 | 0.6% | — | — | — | — |
English | 4,349 | 0.52% | 5,053 | 0.63% | 5,369 | 0.62% | — | — | — | — |
Persian | 3,833 | 0.46% | 3,591 | 0.45% | 5,020 | 0.58% | — | — | — | — |
Pahari | 2,258 | 0.27% | 5,401 | 0.68% | 7,901 | 0.91% | — | — | — | — |
Marathi | 846 | 0.1% | 1,124 | 0.14% | 789 | 0.09% | — | — | — | — |
Gujarati | 580 | 0.07% | 494 | 0.06% | 618 | 0.07% | — | — | — | — |
Rajasthani (Mewati) | 324 | 0.04% | 962 | 0.12% | 530 | 0.06% | — | — | 285 | 0% |
Bihari | 144 | 0.02% | 490 | 0.06% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Arabic | 78 | 0.01% | 6 | 0% | 9 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
Tamil | 55 | 0.01% | 349 | 0.04% | 150 | 0.02% | — | — | — | — |
Telugu | 20 | 0% | 64 | 0.01% | 42 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
Kashmiri | 16 | 0% | 165 | 0.02% | 201 | 0.02% | 17,803 | 0.14% | 7,352 | 0.05% |
Bengali | 13 | 0% | 70 | 0.01% | 93 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — |
Shina | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,278 | 0.01% |
Kohistani
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,014 | 0.01% |
Balti | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 846 | 0.01% |
Kalasha | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82 | 0% |
Others | 43 | 0.01% | 235 | 0.03% | 896 | 0.1% | 304,672 | 2.47% | 215,405 | 1.48% |
Total responses | 834,703 | 100% | 799,625 | 100% | 868,617 | 100% | 12,335,129 | 100% | 14,562,011 | 97.77% |
Total population | 834,703 | 100% | 799,625 | 100% | 868,617 | 100% | 12,335,129 | 100% | 14,894,402 | 100% |
Religion
According to the 2017 Census, nearly all of the population of Balochistan were
Religious group |
1901[72]: 5 | 1911[63]: 9–13 | 1921[64]: 47–52 | 1931[65]: 149 | 1941[50]: 13–18 | 1951[73][74] | 1998[75] | 2017[76] | 2023[77] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 765,368 | 94.4% | 782,648 | 93.76% | 733,477 | 91.73% | 798,093 | 91.88% | 785,181 | 91.53% | 1,137,063 | 98.52% | 6,484,006 | 98.75% | 12,255,528 | 99.28% | 14,429,568 | 99.09% |
Hinduism | 38,158 | 4.71% | 38,326 | 4.59% | 51,348 | 6.42% | 53,681 | 6.18% | 54,394 | 6.34% | 13,087 | 1.13% | 39,146 | 0.6% | 49,378 | 0.4% | 59,107 | 0.41% |
Sikhism | 2,972 | 0.37% | 8,390 | 1.01% | 7,741 | 0.97% | 8,425 | 0.97% | 12,044 | 1.4% | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,057 | 0.007% |
Christianity | 4,026 | 0.5% | 5,085 | 0.61% | 6,693 | 0.84% | 8,059 | 0.93% | 6,056 | 0.71% | 3,937 | 0.34% | 26,462 | 0.4% | 33,330 | 0.27% | 62,731 | 0.43% |
Zoroastrianism | 166 | 0.02% | 170 | 0.02% | 165 | 0.02% | 167 | 0.02% | 76 | 0.01% | 79 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — | 181 | 0% |
Judaism | 48 | 0.01% | 57 | 0.01% | 19 | 0.002% | 17 | 0.002% | 20 | 0.002% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Jainism | 8 | 0.001% | 10 | 0.001% | 17 | 0.002% | 17 | 0.002% | 7 | 0.001% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 16 | 0.002% | 160 | 0.02% | 68 | 0.01% | 43 | 0.01% | 1 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Ahmadiyya | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9,800 | 0.15% | 2,469 | 0.02% | 557 | 0.004% |
Others | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 5 | 0.001% | 75 | 0.009% | 14 | 0.002% | 0 | 0% | 6,471 | 0.1% | 3,703 | 0.03% | 8,810 | 0.06% |
Total responses | 810,746 | 100% | 834,703 | 100% | 799,625 | 100% | 868,617 | 100% | 857,835 | 100% | 1,154,167 | 100% | 6,565,885 | 100% | 12,344,408 | 100% | 14,562,011 | 97.77% |
Total Population | 810,746 | 100% | 834,703 | 100% | 799,625 | 100% | 868,617 | 100% | 857,835 | 100% | 1,154,167 | 100% | 6,565,885 | 100% | 12,344,408 | 100% | 14,562,011 | 100% |
Education
The literacy rate of the province in 2017 was 43.6%, an increase from 24.8% in 1998.[78]
Medical colleges
Engineering universities
- Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Khuzdar
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta
General universities
- University of Balochistan, Quetta
- Al-Hamd Islamic University, Quetta
- Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta
- Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Lasbela
- University of Turbat, Turbat
- University of Loralai, Loralai
- University of Gwadar, Gwadar
Economy
The economy of Balochistan is largely based upon agriculture, livestock, fisheries, production of natural gas, coal and other minerals.[79]
Though agriculture and livestock play a dominant role in the provincial economy by contributing 47% of its GDP, it faced intense damages due to the 2022 Pakistan floods. The floods killed around 500,000 of Balochistan's livestock and damaged cultivation and agricultural output in 32 out of 35 districts of the province. The Lasbela district was the worst hit as the floods washed away fourt-fifth's of the homes, crops and livestock.[80] Due to the floods and severe drought conditions, the province faces food insecurity and is 85% dependent on the Sindh and Punjab provinces for the supply of wheat.[81][82]
Furthermore, with the exception of Quetta, Balochistan has been called a "neglected province where a majority of population lacks amenities".[83][84] Although the province is rich in natural resources capable of uplifting its economy, most of them have not been fully utilised for the welfare of the population and are yet to be explored or developed.[85]
Since the mid-1970s the province's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has dropped from 4.9 to 3.7%,[86] and as of 2007 it had the highest poverty rate and infant and maternal mortality rate, and the lowest literacy rate in comparison to other provinces,[87] factors some allege have contributed to the insurgency.[84] However, in seventh NFC awards, Punjab province and Federal contributed to increase Baluchistan share more than its entitled population based share.[88] In Balochistan poverty is increasing. In 2001–2002 poverty incidences were at 48% and by 2005–2006 these were at 50.9%.[89] According to a report on Dawn, the rate of multidimensional poverty in Balochistan had risen to 71% by 2016.[90]
Several major development projects, including the construction of a new deep sea port at the strategically important town of Gwadar,[91] are in progress in Balochistan. The port is projected to be the hub of an energy and trade corridor to and from China, Middle East and the Central Asian republics. The Mirani Dam on the Dasht River, 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Turbat in the Makran Division, is being built to provide water to expand agricultural land use by 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) where it would otherwise be unsustainable.[92] In the district Lasbela, there is an oil refinery owned by Byco International Incorporated (BII), which is capable of processing 120,000 barrels of oil per day. A power station is located adjacent to the refinery.[93] Several cement plants and a marble factory are also located there.[94][95][96] One of the world's largest ship breaking yards is located on the coast.[97]
Natural resource extraction
Balochistan's share of Pakistan's national income has historically ranged between 3.7% to 4.9%.[98] Since 1972, Balochistan's gross income has grown in size by 2.7 times.[99] Outside Quetta, the resource extraction infrastructure of the province is gradually developing but still lags far behind other parts of Pakistan.
The agreements for royalty rights and ownership of mineral rights were reached during a period of unprecedented natural disasters, economic, social, political, and cultural unrest in Pakistan. The negotiations were widely considered to be insufficiently transparent.[100]
Culture
Tourism
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Places of interest
Following is a list of a few tourist attractions and places of interest in Balochistan:
- Astola Island
- Bolan Pass
- Dureji
- Gadani Beach
- Gadani Ship Breaking Yard
- Gwadar
- Hanna Lake
- Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park, near Quetta.
- Hinglaj Mata Temples
- Hingol National Park
- Hub Dam
- Jiwani Coastal Wetland
- Khuzdar
- Kund Malir
- Makran Coastal Highway
- Mehrgarh
- Moola Chotok
- Pir Ghaib Waterfall, Balochistan
- Quaid-e-Azam Residency
- Quetta
- The princess of hope, Balochistan
- Urak Valley
- Zhob
- Ziarat Juniper Forest
- Ziarat
CNIC Codes
- Kalat Division (51XXX)
- Makran Division (52XXX)
- Nasirabad Division (53XXX)
- Quetta Division (54XXX)
- Sibi Division (55XXX)
- Zhob Division + Loralai Division (56XXX)
See also
- Balochistan (geographic region)
- Balochistan, Afghanistan
- Balochistan, Iran
- List of cities in Balochistan, Pakistan by population
- List of cultural heritage sites in Balochistan, Pakistan
- Insurgency in Balochistan
References
- ^ a b Balochistan's contribution to national economy was 5.33%, or $80 billion (PPP) and $20 billion (nominal) in 2022.[2][3]
- Punjabi languages and dialects.
- ^ Saraiki: 326,656 persons
Standard Punjabi: 139,207 persons
Hindko: 34,301 persons - ^ Saraiki: 319,054 persons
Standard Punjabi: 86,457 persons
Hindko: 24,204 persons - ^ Previously also enumerated as Hindi or Hindustani.
- ^ "The Population of Pakistan reaches 241.49 million as the Digital Census concludes" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS" (PDF). kpbos.gov.pk.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ^ "KPK Achieves Highest Literacy Growth Rate Among All Provinces". 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Delimitation of union councils, wards in Balochistan completed". 11 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Balochistan | province, Pakistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Livestock at a glance". Government of Balochistan. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "'Gwadar is future business hub of country'". The News International. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ISBN 9780521119900.
- ^ Fowle, T. C.; Rai, Diwan Jamiat (1923). Baluchistan. Directorate of Archives, Government of Balochistan. p. 100.
The Hindus of Kalat town may indeed be far more indigenous, since they claim descent from the ancient Sewa dynasty that ruled Kalat long before the Brahuis came to Baluchistan.
- ^ Balochistan Through the Ages: Geography and history. Nisa Traders. 1979. p. 316.
The country up to and including Multan was conquered by the Arabs and the Hindu dynasty of Sind and probably also the Sewa dynasty of Kalat came to an end.
- ISBN 978-969-0-10047-4.
The Sibi division was carved out of the Quetta and Kalat Divisions in April, 1974, and comprises districts of Sibi, Kachhi, Nasirabad, Kohlu and Dera Bugti. The Division derives its name from the town of Sibi or Sewi. The local tradition attributes the origin of this name to Rani Sewi of the Sewa dynasty which ruled this part of the country in ancient times.
- ISBN 9780231115698. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
- ^ "Balochistan | province, Pakistan | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ M. Longworth Dames, Balochi Folklore, Folklore, Vol. 13, No. 3 (29 September 1902), pp. 252–274
- ^ Tabqat ibn Saad, Vol. 8, p. 471
- ^ Saxena, Sunil K. (2011). History of Medieval India. Pinnacle Technology.
- ^ Tarikh al Khulfa, Vol. 1, pp. 214–215, 229
- ^ "urdukhabrain.pk". 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018.
- ^ Iranica.com [dead link]
- ^ "Ghulam Shah Kalhora and Relations With Kutch". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ Henige, David P. (1970). Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present: A Comprehensive List. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 89.
The British began to assume control over the rough desert region in extreme western India known as Baluchistan in the 1870s.
- ISBN 978-1-4669-5896-8.
- ^ Peter R. Blood (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 20.
- ^ Foreign Affairs Pakistan, Volume 32, Issues 11–12. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2005. p. 257.
- ISBN 978-0-19-579634-6.
Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.
- ISBN 9780429750526.
Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.
- ISBN 978-0-313-34697-2.
- ^ "Shahi Jirga Records". Balochistan Archives. Government of Balochistan Directorate of Archives. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-349-20942-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-351-02068-8.
- ^ Yaqoob Khan Bangash (10 May 2015). "The princely India". The News on Sunday. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015.
- ^ a b Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4.
- ISBN 978-0-415-68614-3.
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Since Balochistan became part of Pakistan some 65 years ago, Baloch nationalists have led four insurgencies – in 1948, 1958–59, 1962–63 and 1973–1977 – which were brutally suppressed by the state. Now a fifth is under way and this time the insurgents are much stronger. Unlike the past, the educated middle-class youth, rather than tribal leaders, are leading the separatist movement.
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Further reading
- Johnson, E.A. (1999). Lithofacies, depositional environments, and regional stratigraphy of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1599. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey.
- ISBN 2-09-240036-3
External links
- Official website
- Sibi District; Archived 11 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Guide to Balochistan
- Balochistan Archives—Preserving our Past