Baltic Fleet

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the musical group, see Baltic Fleet (band).

Baltic Fleet
Russian: Балтийский флот
Baltic Fleet great emblem
Active18 May 1703 – present
Allegiance Tsardom of Russia
(1703–1721)
 Russian Empire
(1721–1917)
 Russian SFSR
(1917–1922)
 Soviet Union
(1922–1991)
 Russian Federation
(1991–present)
Branch Russian Navy
RoleNaval warfare;
Amphibious warfare;
Combat patrols in the Baltic;
Naval presence/diplomacy missions in the Atlantic and elsewhere
Sizec. 43 surface warships (surface combatants, major amphibious units, mine warfare) plus support ships and auxiliaries
1 submarine
Part of Russian Armed Forces
Garrison/HQKaliningrad (HQ)
Baltiysk
Kronstadt
Anniversaries18 May
EngagementsGreat Northern War

Seven Years' War

Russo-Turkish wars

Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)

Crimean War
Russo-Japanese War

World War I

Russian Civil War
World War II

Cold War
Russo-Ukrainian War

  • Battle of the Tendra Spit[2]
Decorations
Arseniy Golovko
Vice Adm. Alexander Vekman
Adm. Lev Galler
Fleet Adm. Ivan Isakov
Adm. Vladimir Yegorov
Adm. Ivan Kapitanets
Adm. Konstantin Makarov
Adm. Viktor Chirkov
Navies of Russia
External videos
on
YouTube

The Baltic Fleet (Russian: Балтийский флот, romanized: Baltiyskiy flot)[3] is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

Established 18 May 1703, under Tsar

Russian Federation
and reverted to its original name as part of the Russian Navy.

The Baltic Fleet is headquartered in Kaliningrad[citation needed] and its main base in Baltiysk (Pillau), both in Kaliningrad Oblast, and another base in Kronstadt, Saint Petersburg, in the Gulf of Finland.

Imperial Russia

The Imperial Russian Baltic Fleet was created during the

Kronshtadt. One of the fleet's first actions was the taking of Shlisselburg
.

In 1701 Peter the Great established a special school, the School of Mathematics and Navigation (Russian: Школа математических и навигацких наук), situated in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. As the territory to the west around the Gulf of Finland was acquired by Russia for a "warm-water" port giving access for its merchantmen and the buildup of a naval force, the city of St. Petersburg was built and developed an extensive port. The School of Mathematics and Navigation was moved to St. Petersburg and in 1752 it was renamed the Naval Cadet Corps. Today it is the St. Petersburg Naval Institute – Peter the Great Naval Corps.

Shtandart

The Baltic Fleet began to receive new vessels in 1703. The fleet's first vessel was the 24-gun three-

Shtandart. She was the fleet's flagship, and is a prime example of the increasing role of the frigate
design.

By 1724, the fleet boasted 141 sail warships and hundreds of oar-propelled vessels (galleys).

The Battle of Gangut.

During the

British monarchy
) and more or less in a tacit alliance with Russia.

During the concluding stages of the war, the Russian fleet would land troops along the Swedish coast to devastate coastal settlements. However, after the death of King

Charles XII, the Royal Navy would rather protect Swedish interests after a rapprochement between the Kingdom of Sweden and King George I. A Russian attempt to reach the Swedish capital of Stockholm was checked at the Battle of Stäket in 1719. The losses suffered by the Russian Navy at the Grengam in 1720, as well as the arrival of a Royal Navy squadron under Admiral John Norris
, also prevented further operations of any greater scale before the war ended in 1721.

During the "

Second Battle of Svensksund
resulted in a disaster for the Russian Navy who lost some 9,500 out of 14,000 men and about one third of their flotilla. The Russian defeat in this battle effectively ended the war.

During the series of

Ivan Krusenstern circumnavigated the globe, while another Baltic Fleet officer – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – discovered the southern ice-covered continent, Antarctica
.

In the

Alexander Mozhaiski
(co-inventor of aircraft).

Age of iron

As early as 1861, the first armor-clad ships were built for the Baltic Fleet. In 1863, during the

Passaic-class monitors
were launched.

It was the policy of the Tsar and his government to show support for the Northern Union Army in the United States during their Civil War, observing and exchanging naval tactics and cooperation. In 1869, the fleet commissioned the first turret on a battleship in the world – Petr Veliky. Furthermore, in the second half of the 19th and early 20th Century a strong network of coastal artillery batteries was created to cover the approaches to St. Petersburg, Riga, and other important bases.

Russo-Japanese War

Sailors of the Baltic Fleet ashore at Nossi Bé, December 1904.

By 1900, decades of modernization on the Baltic as well as the Pacific Fleet made Russia the fourth strongest country in the world in terms of naval forces after the UK, France and Germany, ahead of the US and Japan.[6] The Baltic Fleet, re-organized into the Second Pacific Squadron (route around Africa) and the Third Pacific Squadron (Suez route, under the command of Admiral Nebogatov), took a prominent part in the Russo-Japanese War. After the defeat of earlier Siberian Military Flotilla vessels, in September 1904, the Second Squadron under the command of Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky was sent on a high-speed dash[citation needed] around South Africa.

They stopped in French, German and Portuguese colonial ports:

Nossi Be (Madagascar). They then formed a single fleet under the command of Rozhestvensky with the Third Pacific Fleet, across the Indian Ocean to Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina and then northward to its doomed encounter with the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Tsushima off the east coast of Korea
in May, 1905, ending the Russo-Japanese War.

The Imperial German civilian passenger

Hamburg-Amerika Line provided 60 colliers to supply the Baltic Fleet on its journey. During its passage through the North Sea the fleet mistook a fleet of British fishing boats for Japanese torpedo boats and opened fire, killing three sailors in what is known as the Dogger Bank incident
.

The decision to send the fleet to the Pacific was made after Russia had suffered a string of naval defeats in the

Russian Revolutions of 1917
.

World War I

St. Petersburg
is the main church of the Russian Navy. Its outside is covered with plaques to Russian sailors/officers lost at sea.

Following the catastrophic losses in battleships during the Russo-Japanese War, Russia embarked on a new naval building program which was to incorporate a number of the most modern

Germans bottled up after the Battle of Jutland
in 1916.

The Imperial Russian Navy's Baltic Fleet included a submarine division that had about 30 submarines of several classes and various auxiliary vessels, the largest of which were the transport and mother ships Europa, Tosno, Khabarovsk, Oland and Svjatitel Nikolai.

Vancouver), in Canada's British Columbia, also under contract to the Electric Boat Company. These Canadian-built subs were shipped to Russia, a fellow Ally in the First World War in December 1915.,[9][10]

Four of these submarines, AG 11,

AG 16 were scuttled in the harbour of Hanko on 3 April 1918, just before the 10,000-strong Imperial German Baltic Sea Division landed in support of the "Whites" forces in the little known Finnish Civil War. During the war the fleet was aided by a detachment of British Royal Navy submarines. These subs were later scuttled by their crews near the Harmaja lighthouse outside Helsinki, Finland, on 4 April 1918.[11]

Soviet era

October Revolution and Russian Civil War (1917–22)

Main article: Baltic Fleet during the October Revolution and Russian Civil War

During the October Revolution the sailors of the Baltic Fleet (renamed "Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea" in March 1918)[12] were among the most ardent supporters of Bolsheviks, and formed an elite among Red military forces. The fleet was forced to evacuate several of its bases after Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The "Ice Cruise" of the Baltic Fleet (1918), led by Alexey Schastny who was later executed on Trotsky's orders, saw the evacuation of most of the fleet's ships to Kronstadt and Petrograd.

Some ships of the fleet took part in the

intervention forces.[13] Over the years, however, the relations of the Baltic Fleet sailors with the Bolshevik regime soured, and they eventually rebelled against the Soviet government in the Kronstadt rebellion
in 1921, but were suppressed and executed, and the fleet de facto ceased to exist as an active military unit.

1922–1941

The fleet, renamed the Red-Banner Baltic Fleet on 11 January 1935,

Project 615 short-range attack diesel submarine of the Soviet Navy. The fleet also acquired a large number of ground-based aircraft to form a strong naval aviation
force.

In September 1939, the fleet threatened the Baltic states as part of a series of military actions staged to encourage the Baltics to accept Soviet offers of "mutual assistance."[14][15] Subsequently, in June 1940, the fleet blockaded the Baltics in support of the Soviet invasion.

Winter War

Finland, which had refused to sign a "pact of mutual assistance", was attacked by the USSR. The fleet played a limited role in the Winter War with Finland in 1939–1940, mostly through conducting artillery bombardments of Finnish coastal fortifications. Many fleet aircraft were involved in operations against Finland, however. Its operations came to a close with the freezing of the Gulf of Finland during the exceptionally cold winter of that year.

World War II

Main article:
Baltic Sea Campaigns (1939–1945)

In the beginning of the

Estonian SSR, and participated in the breakthrough breach of the Siege of Leningrad. 137 sailors of the Baltic Fleet were awarded a title of the Hero of the Soviet Union
.

For most of the war the fleet was trapped by German and Finnish minefields in Leningrad and nearby Kronstadt, the only bases left in Soviet hands on the Baltic coast. Another key factor was that the Finns had recaptured outer islands of the Gulf of Finland,

Suursaari
being the most important of them. Many of the fleet sailors fought on land as infantry during the siege.

Only submarines could risk the passage into the open sea to strike at German shipping. They were particularly successful towards the end of the war, sinking ships like

Goya
, causing great loss of life.

The fleet carried out the Soviet evacuation of Tallinn in late August 1941.

Grouping in June 1941

Cold War

During the Immediate post-war period the importance of the Red-Banner Baltic Fleet increased despite the Baltic being a shallow sea with the exits easily becoming choke points by other countries. The Baltic Fleet was increased to two Fleets, the 4th Red-Banner Baltic Fleet and the 8th Red-Banner Baltic Fleet on 15 February 1946. However, during the post-Stalinist period and general reforms and downsizing in the Soviet Armed Forces the two fleets of the Baltic were again reduced, with many vessels, some built before the Revolution, were scrapped, and the fleet was again renamed Red-Banner Baltic Fleet on 24 December 1955.[12]

In Liepāja the Baltic Fleet's 14th submarine squadron, call sign "Kompleks" ("Комплекс") was stationed with 16 submarines (613, 629a, 651); as was the 6th group of rear supply of Baltic Fleet, and the 81st design bureau and reserve command center of the same force.

On June 1, 1960, as part of the reduction of the USSR Armed Forces, the management of the 8th mine-torpedo Gatchina Red Banner Aviation Division and both of its regiments were disbanded. The 469th aircraft storage base was formed at the Dunaevka airfield, where the IL-28s of the disbanded 8th MTAD and the 128th Guards MTAD were transferred. The storage base lasted one year.

Far from being reduced in importance, operations of the Red-Banner Baltic Fleet during the early-

Pacific Fleet
, both of which had easy access to the open ocean, the Twice Red-Banner Baltic Fleet assumed the very important position of supporting the northern flank of the European Theatre in case of a confrontation with NATO.

This role was under-rated from the

amphibious assaults against the coast of Denmark and Germany, in cooperation with allied Polish and East German
naval forces.

A notable incident involving the fleet occurred in 1975 when a mutiny broke out on the frigate Storozhevoy. There were also numerous allegations by Sweden of Baltic Fleet submarines illegally penetrating its territorial waters. In October 1981, the Soviet Whiskey-class submarine U 137 ran aground in Swedish territorial waters, near the important naval base of Karlskrona, causing a serious diplomatic incident. Swedish naval vessels pulled the submarine into deeper water and permitted it to return to the Soviet fleet in early November.[17]

Commanders

Russian small missile ships Zyb' and Passat
Name[18] Period of command
Nikolai Ottovich von Essen 3 December 1909 – 7 May 1915
Vasilii Aleksandrovich Kanin [ru] 14 May 1915 – 16 September 1916
Adrian Ivanovich Nepenin 16 September 1916 – 4 March 1917
Andrei Semyonovich Maksimov [ru] 4 March 1917 – 1 June 1917
Dmitry Nikolayevich Verderevsky 1 June 1917 – 5 July 1917
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Razvozov 7 July – 5 December 1917
Aleksandr Antonovich Ruzhek 7 December 1917 – 13 March 1918
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Razvozov 13–20 March 1918
Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shchastnyy 22 March – 26 May 1918
Sergey Valeryanovich Zarubayev [ru] 27 May 1918 – 18 January 1919
Aleksandr Pavlovich Zelenoy 18 January 1919 – 2 July 1920
Fedor Fedorovich Raskolnikov
 2 July 1920 – 27 January 1921
Vladimir Andreyevich Kukel [ru] (Acting) 27 January – 3 March 1921
Ivan Kuzmich Kozhanov [ru] 3 March – 4 May 1921
Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov 4 May 1921 – 6 May 1924
Aleksandr Karlovich Vekman 1924–1926
Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov 1926–1932
Lev Mikhaylovich Galler 22 August 1932 – 25 January 1937
Aleksandr Kuzmich Sivkov [ru] 25 January – 15 August 1937
Ivan Stepanovich Isakov 15 August 1937 – 9 January 1938
Gordey Ivanovich Levchenko 10 January 1938 – 27 April 1939
Vladimir Filippovich Tributs 28 April 1939 – 15 February 1946

In 1946 the Baltic Fleet was split into two commands, the 4th and 8th Fleets

4th Fleet 8th Fleet
Gordey Ivanovich Levchenko February 1946 – March 1947 Vladimir Filippovich Tributs February 1946 – May 1947
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Andreyev March 1947 – August 1952 Fyodor Vladimirich Zozulya May 1947 – February 1950
Arseniy Grigoriyevich Golovko
 August 1952 – December 1955
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov
 February 1950 – December 1954
Vladimir Afanasyevich Kasatonov December 1954 – December 1955

In 1956 the two fleets were reunited into a single Baltic Fleet command

Name[18] Period of command
Arseniy Grigoryevich Golovko
 27 January – 24 November 1956
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov
 24 November 1956 – 29 May 1959
Aleksandr Evstafyevich Orel [ru] 29 May 1959 – 27 January 1967
Vladimir Vasilyevich Mikhaylin 27 January 1967 – 1 September 1975
Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Kosov 1 September 1975 – 2 June 1978
Vladimir Vasilyevich Sidorov [ru] 2 June 1978 – 12 February 1981
Ivan Matveyevich Kapitanets 12 February 1981 – 25 February 1985
Konstantin Valentinovich Makarov 25 February 1985 – 30 December 1985
Vitaliy Pavlovich Ivanov [ru] 30 December 1985 – December 1991
Vladimir Grigoryevich Yegorov 13 December 1991 – 2000
Vladimir Prokofyevich Valuyev [ru] 11 April 2001 – May 2006
Konstantin Semenovich Sidenko May 2006 – 6 December 2007
Viktor Nikolayevich Mardusin 6 December 2007 – 8 September 2009
Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov 8 September 2009 – May 2012
Viktor Petrovich Kravchuk [ru] May 2012 – 29 June 2016
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Nosatov 29 June 2016 (acting), confirmed 17 September 2016 – 5 October 2021
Viktor Nikolayevich Liina 5 October 2021 – 22 April 2023
Vladimir Vorobyov 22 April 2023 – Today.[19]

Russian Federation

The Baltic Fleet headquarters building, Kaliningrad

The

Russian Federation
.

In the immediate post-Soviet period, the capabilities of the Baltic Fleet were significantly reduced. From 1991/1992 to 1994/95, vessels in the Baltic Fleet declined from 350 at the beginning of the decade to 109 available vessels.[20] At the same time, with the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the formerly allied East German Navy was absorbed by West Germany and the Polish Navy no longer supplemented the strength of the Baltic Fleet.

Russian Land forces in the region were also sharply reduced. In 1989

Klaipeda was transferred to the fleet as a coastal defence division. It was disbanded on 1 September 1993. In the late 1990s the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade and the remnant of the 11th Guards Army of the Baltic Military District were subordinated to a single command named the Ground and Coastal Forces of the Baltic Fleet under a deputy fleet commander.[21]

The 11th Guards Army remnant included the

Ka-29 Helix assault helicopters, and 17 Mi-8 Hip transport helicopters.[22] As of 2020, the 18th Guards Motorized Rifle Division was reconstituted, serving within the 13th Army Corps
, headquartered in Kaliningrad.

As of 2008 the Baltic Fleet included about 75 combat ships of various types.[23] The main base is in Baltiysk and a second operational base is in Kronstadt. The Leningrad Naval Base is an administrative entity that is not a discrete geographic location but comprises all of the naval institutions and facilities in the St. Petersburg area.

During the 2010s renewed emphasis was placed on modernizing Russian naval capabilities.[24] In the Baltic, this process has proceeded slowly though there has been particular emphasis on acquiring new light units. New corvettes (of the Steregushchiy, Buyan-M and Karakurt classes) have been incrementally added to the fleet with additional vessels from the Karakurt, and potentially the Steregushchiy-class, anticipated in the 2020s - though not necessarily at a rate that will be sufficient to replace the fleet's older Soviet-era corvettes and missile boats on a one-for-one basis.[25] Nevertheless, utilizing Russia's internal waterways, additional cruise missile-armed light units, drawn from Russia's other Western fleets or from the Caspian Flotilla, have the capacity to reinforce the Baltic Fleet as may be needed.[26][27] A further aspect of modernization has focused on the build-up of Russian shore-based anti-ship and air defence capabilities in the Kaliningrad region.[28]

In contrast to the three other Russian fleets, the Baltic Fleet's submarine capabilities are extremely modest with just one older Kilo-class boat deployed in 2020, largely for training purposes. Nevertheless, a strengthening of these capabilities in the 2020s was being considered with various options (including both Improved Kilos and/or new Lada-class submarines) apparently on the table.[29]

Training and readiness levels have also been emphasized to be of key importance. In June 2016, fleet commander Vice Admiral

Alexander Nosatov was made acting commander of the fleet, a position in which he was confirmed on 17 September.[30]

Analysis undertaken by Anders Nielsen of the Royal Danish Defence College in 2019 concludes that the Russian Baltic Fleet is oriented to contributing to Russian global deployment and expeditionary operations in peacetime. However, it is also the smallest of the Russian Navy's four principal fleets (in terms of surface warships and submarines combined) and therefore, due to its limited strength, would play primarily a defensive role in the Baltic Sea in most conflict or wartime scenarios.[31]

On Russia's "Navy Day" on July 31, 2022, President Putin reportedly indicated that the Baltic Fleet was to be prioritized for modernization in the coming years. The pending entry of Sweden and Finland into NATO - in response to

Russia's invasion of Ukraine - would significantly strengthen NATO naval forces in the Baltic, particularly taking into account the strength of the Swedish Navy's submarine fleet. Russian commentators suggested that a modernization and expansion of Russian submarine forces in the Baltic would therefore likely be a priority in the coming years.[32]

Russian Invasion of Ukraine

An artillery regiment was said to have reinforced Russian ground troops in Kaliningrad on 1 December 2022.[33] Deployed in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, the Baltic Fleet's 11th Army Corps is reported to have sustained heavy losses.[34] It was reported by Russian milblogers and the

Battle of the Tendra Spit.[35][36]

Order of battle

The Baltic Fleet is subordinate to Russia's Western Military District (headquartered in St. Petersburg), which also incorporates Russia's strongest ground and air formations. The Kaliningrad region serves as the principal base area for the Baltic Fleet and therefore hosts significant land and air forces, both to defend Kaliningrad and to extend Russian shore-based air and sea denial capabilities (A2/AD) into the Baltic Sea and region.[37]

Surface vessels and submarines

class=notpageimage|
Ground Combat formations of the Baltic Fleet and nearby Polish Army formations
Prior to the Ukraine war, the 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division reportedly fielded 10 Motor Rifle Battalions[38]
Another brigade of the Polish 16th Mech Division is to the east of the 15th Mech Bde

12th Surface ship Division

Leningrad Naval Base

Baltyysk Naval Base (Kaliningrad)

Other vessels:

Patrol/anti-saboteur boats

Intelligence vessels

Training vessels

Fleet oilers/support vessels

  • Altay-class: 2 vessels (Elnya and Kola;[104] Kola active as of 2021)[56]
  • Project 304-class Repair Ships: 3 vessels (PM-30, PM-86, PM-82 - PM-82 deployed to the Mediterranean as of March 2022)[105][106]

Hydrographic survey vessels

  • Yug-class (Project 862): 1 vessel (Nikolay Matusevich)[107]

Aviation and Air Defence Forces

The Russian Baltic Fleet Naval Infantry Forces

Baltic Fleet Coastal Forces

In 2022, elements of the 11th Army Corps and the 18th Mortor Rifle Division were reportedly heavily engaged in combat in from the start of the

invasion of Ukraine.[130][131][132] They are also reported to have sustained heavy losses.[34]

Logistics

Among the materiel support bases of the Baltic Fleet is the arsenal (complex storage of missiles, ammunition and explosive materials, 2nd category), Military Unit 55443-ЛЙ (-25) (formerly the 15th Arsenal of the Navy, military unit 69233, since 2010 7082nd Technical Mine-Torpedo Base of the Navy, 1st grade, military unit 81263), located at Bolshaya Izhora (Velika Izhora), Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast.

See also

References

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