Bamako
Bamako
| ||
---|---|---|
Capital city | ||
Region Bamako Capital District | | |
Cercle | Bamako | |
Subdivisions | ||
Government | ||
• Type | Capital District | |
• Maire du District | UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) | |
ISO 3166 code | ML-BKO | |
HDI (2017) |
Bamako (Bambara: ߓߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ Bàmakɔ̌, Fula: 𞤄𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤳𞤮 Bamako) is the capital and largest city of Mali, with a 2022 population of 4,227,569. It is located on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the upper and middle Niger valleys in the southwestern part of the country.
Bamako is the nation's administrative center. The city proper is a cercle in its own right. Bamako's river port is located in nearby Koulikoro, along with a major regional trade and conference center. Bamako is the seventh-largest West African urban center after Lagos, Abidjan, Kano, Ibadan, Dakar, and Accra. Locally manufactured goods include textiles, processed meat, and metal goods as well as mining. Commercial fishing occurs on the Niger River.
Bamako is known for its vibrant music scene, with various genres such as Malian blues, traditional music, and Afrobeat flourishing in Bamako. Many renowned Malian musicians and bands have emerged from the city. Some notable artists are Salif Keita, Oumou Sangaré, Ali Farka Touré, Toumani Diabaté and Amadou & Mariam.
In recent years, Bamako has seen significant urban development, with the construction of modern buildings, shopping malls, and infrastructure projects aimed at improving the quality of life for its residents. The city is home to many notable institutions such as the University of Bamako, the National Museum of Mali, the Mali National Zoo, the Grand Mosque of Bamako, and the Modibo Keita International Airport. The buildings of Bamako have a unique architectural style. The name Bamako (ߓߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ Bàmakɔ̌ in Bambara) comes from the Bambara word meaning "crocodile river".[8]
History
The area of the city has evidence of settlements since the
The Mali Empire grew during the early Middle Ages and replaced Ghana as the dominant kingdom in west Africa, dominating Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, and Mauritania.[9] In the 14th century, the Mali Empire became increasingly wealthy because of the trade of cotton, gold and salt. Bamako became a center of commerce and Islamic learning, but declined when Mali was overthrown by the Songhai.[9][10]
The Scottish explorer Mungo Park visited Bamako in 1797 and 1806 during his exploration of the Niger River. He estimated that the city at the time held 6000 inhabitants.[10]
In February 1882,
Bamako began growing quickly upon being named the capital of
Mali gained independence from France in April 1960, and the Republic of Mali was later established. At this time, Bamako had a population of around 160,000. During the 1960s, the country became socialist and Bamako was subject to Soviet investment and influence.[9] However, the economy declined as state enterprises collapsed and unrest was widespread.[9] Eventually, Moussa Traoré led a successful coup and ruled Mali for 23 years. However his rule was characterised by severe droughts and poor government management and problems of food shortages.[9]
In the late 1980s the people of Bamako and Mali campaigned for a free-market economy and multiparty democracy. In 1990, the
On 22 March 1991, a large-scale protest march in central Bamako was violently suppressed, with estimates of those killed reaching 300. Four days later, a military coup deposed Traoré. The Comité de Transition pour le Salut du Peuple was set up, headed by General Amadou Toumani Touré.[13] Alpha Oumar Konari officially became president on 26 April 1992.[9]
On 20 November 2015, two gunmen took 170 people hostage in the Radisson Blu hotel. Twenty-one people were killed in the Bamako hotel attack along with the two gunmen during the seven-hour siege.[14]
Geography
Bamako is situated on the Niger River floodplain, which hampers development along the riverfront and the Niger's tributaries. Bamako is relatively flat, except to the immediate north where an escarpment is found, being what remains of an extinct volcano. The Presidential Palace and main hospital are located here.
Originally, the city developed on the northern side of the river, but as it grew, bridges were developed to connect the north with the south. The first of these was the
Environment
Waste Management Controversy
In 2015, the Bamako city government privatized waste collection in the city. Before the introduction of this program there was a long standing informal waste collection system carried out by "Economic interest groups."[16] Before the privatization these independent groups collected waste throughout the city. After privatization, not only did many waste collectors become unemployed but the corporation that they enlisted to do the job was collecting only 30% of Bamako's waste. The garbage build up creates toxic living conditions and it only worsens when it rains. Due to the prevalence of waste in Bamako's streets, including informal dumping sites near a school, citizens have taken to protesting, marching and it has even escalated to the point of property damage.[17]
Climate
Under the
Climate data for Bamako (1991–2020, extremes 1949–2015) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.9 (102.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.9 (111.0) |
43.5 (110.3) |
45.0 (113.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
42.4 (108.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.9 (100.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
34.7 (94.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.6 (88.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
28.0 (82.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.1 (70.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.1 (0.08) |
0.8 (0.03) |
3.7 (0.15) |
17.7 (0.70) |
70.9 (2.79) |
129.9 (5.11) |
227.4 (8.95) |
263.8 (10.39) |
175.7 (6.92) |
52.6 (2.07) |
2.2 (0.09) |
0.0 (0.0) |
946.8 (37.28) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 5.8 | 9.6 | 14.1 | 16.3 | 12.5 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 66.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
24 | 20 | 22 | 33 | 50 | 67 | 77 | 81 | 78 | 65 | 38 | 27 | 49 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 277.4 | 253.0 | 268.1 | 230.4 | 242.6 | 233.6 | 216.6 | 218.3 | 221.7 | 253.7 | 270.7 | 268.6 | 2,954.7 |
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[18][19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization,[20] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[21] |
Administration
The District of Bamako has been divided into six communes (distinguished by numbers, and not named) since Ordinance No. 78-34/CNLM of 18 August 1978, and amended by a law in February 1982 establishing the new boundaries of Communes III and IV.[22] Each commune is administered by the municipal council and a mayor elected from among its members. The last elections were held on 26 April 2009 and the Alliance for Democracy in Mali hold the majority of representatives for the communes.
Communes and neighborhoods
Commune II has a population of 159,805 people (2009) and covers 18.3 square kilometres (7.1 sq mi). It is bounded to the east by the backwater of Korofina at the west foot of the Point G hill, and to the south by Niger River. The municipality has eleven neighborhoods: Niaréla (the oldest), Bagadadji, Medina-Coura, Bozola, Missira, Hippodrome, Quinzambougou, Bakaribougou, TSF, Industrial Area, and Bougouba. The new Cité du Niger island is also located in the Commune II.[24] The area is the most important in the industry sector in Bamako.
Commune IV has a population of 300,085 people (2009) and covers 42 square kilometres (16 sq mi). It is bounded to the east by Commune III, north, west by Kati Cercle and south by the left bank of the Niger River. Commune IV consists of eight neighborhoods: Taliko, Lassa, Sibiribougou, Djikoroni Para, Sébénikoro, Hamdallaye, Lafiabougou and Kalabambougou.[26]
Commune V has a population of 414,668 people (2009) and covers 42 square kilometres (16 sq mi).[27] It is bounded to the north by the Niger River, south by the airport and the commune of Kalabancoro, and to the east by the Commune VI and Niger. It consists of eight neighborhoods: Badalabougou, Sema I, Quartier Mali, Torokorobougou, Baco-Djicoroni, Sabalibougou, Daoudabougou and Kalaban-Coura.
Commune VI has a population of 470,269 people (2009) and covers 87 square kilometres (34 sq mi). This is the largest of the communes that make up Bamako. It consists of ten neighborhoods: Banankabougou, Djanékéla, Faladié, Magnambougou, Missabougou, Niamakoro, Sénou, Sogoniko, Sokorodji and Yrimadio.
Bamako contains the following neighborhoods (quartiers): ACI-2000, Badalabugu, Bajalan I, Bajalan II, Bako Jikoroni, Bagadaji, Bamako Kura, Bankoni, Bolibana, Bozola, Bugudani, Bulkasumbugu, Dar Salam, N'tomikorobougou, Dawdabugu, Dravela, Fajigila, Falaje, Garantigibugu, Jalakoroji, Janekela, Janjigila, Jelibugu, Jikoroni Para, Jumanzana, Hamdallaye, Hippodrome, Kalaban Koro, Kalaban Kura, Korofina, Kuluba, Kulubleni, Lafiabugu, Madina Kura, Magnambugu (Magnambugu Faso Kanu), Misabugu, Misira, Niarela, Ntomikorobugu, Point G, Quartier du Fleuve, Quartier Mali, Quinzanbugu, Sabalibugu I, Sabalibugu II, Safo, Same, Sangarebugu, Saranbugu, Sebeninkoro, Sikoroni, Sirakoro, Senu, Sibiribugu, Sokoniko, Sokoroji, Sotuba, Titibugu, Torokorobugu, TSF-Sans Fil, Wolofobugu, Yirimanjo, Zone Industrielle
Economy
Industry
The District of Bamako concentrates 70% of industrial activity in the country.[28] [29] The service sector is the most developed, and the city thrives in crafts and trade.
The traditional commercial center of Bamako was located to the north of the river, and contained within a triangle bounded by Avenue du Fleuve, Rue Baba Diarra, and Boulevard du Peuple. This area contains the Marché Rose and Street Market.
The downtown area is highly congested, polluted, and expensive, and urbanization is sprawling at a rapid pace within a radius of 30 kilometres (19 mi). The largest urbanized area now lies on the southern bank of the Niger River. A modern central business district is rapidly developing immediately west of the downtown area in the ACI-2000 district, taking advantage of a well-designed geometric layout, legacy of the old airport runways and taxiways. A large administrative area is being developed at the junction between ACI-2000 and the King Fadh Bridge, containing most of the state departments (ministries) and administrative services in a central location. Bamako is also the headquarters of many large companies and administrative institutions.[citation needed] Air Mali (formerly Compagnie Aérienne du Mali) has its head office in Bamako.[30] Bamako received much investment by Saudi Arabia for decades which saw a number of important structures being built. In recent years, China has become an important investor in Bamako, developing its infrastructure and facilities.
Agriculture is active in Bamako, with the presence of Bozo fisherman, and it is common to see cattle crossing the streets.
Energy
Much of the electricity is generated from the hydroelectric
Architecture
The
The Cité Administrative (Administrative City) is a complex of buildings located just west of the northern end of the King Fahd Bridge. The complex was begun in 2003 by then President Konaré with the help of funding from the government of Libya. The 10-hectare (25-acre) Cité Administrative was completed in 2010 and houses many of the offices of the government.[32][33]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1976 | 419,239 | — |
1987 | 658,275 | +4.19% |
1998 | 1,016,167 | +4.03% |
2009 | 1,810,366 | +5.39% |
2022 | 4,227,569 | +6.74% |
source:[34] |
Bamako has experienced staggering population growth. In 1884, it had only 2,500 inhabitants, 8,000 in 1908, 37,000 in 1945, and 100,000 in 1960. Today, the population is at least 18 times what it was in 1960, with 1,810,366 recorded at the 2009 census, and continues to attract a rural population in search of work.[35] Including illegal squatters and temporary workers, some experts believe the population today is well over 2 million. This uncontrolled growth has caused significant difficulties in terms of traffic, sanitation (including access to safe water), and pollution. Bamako hosts a diverse population composed of different ethnic groups in Mali and from neighboring countries.
Over 4.2 million people lived in the city in 2022.
Culture
The
The
With the independence of the Republic of Mali in 1960, the Sudanese Museum became the National Museum of Mali, with the new objectives of promoting national unity and celebrating Malian traditional culture. However, lack of financial means and absence of qualified personnel caused some deterioration in the museum's collections. On 30 March 1956, the National Museum moved into a new cemented structure, created by architect Jean-Loup Pivin from traditional Malian designs. Since the 1996 election of former archaeologist Alpha Oumar Konaré to Mali's presidency, the museum's funding has increased considerably, becoming among the best in West Africa. The museum often hosts part of the biannual African Photography Encounters, photography festival held in Bamako since 1994.
Also of note is the
In 1988, Bamako was the location of a WHO conference known as the Bamako Initiative that helped reshape health policy of sub-Saharan Africa. The yearly held Budapest-Bamako rally has the endpoint in Bamako, with the Dakar Rally often passing through Bamako.
Music
A music boom in Bamako took off in the 1990s, when vocalist Salif Keita and singer-guitarist Ali Farka Touré achieved international fame.[36] It attracted a number of tourists, record producers, and aspiring musicians to the city to try to follow in their footsteps. It is common to see musicians in the streets with djembes and percussion bands playing traditional Bamana rhythms.[36]
Education
In 2011, four universities were founded; the University of Social Sciences and Management of Bamako (USSGB), the University of Humanities and Social Sciences of Bamako (ULSHB), the University of Science, Technology and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) and the University of Legal and Political Sciences of Bamako (USJPB).[37]
In 1972, the Union Malienne Des Aveugles, an integrated school and centre for the blind and partially sighted, was established.
Places of worship
Among the
Islam
Transport
The
.In 2015, a rail link to San-Pédro in Ivory Coast is proposed.[39]
The road network links Bamako to Koulikoro, Kati, Kolokani, Ségou, and Sikasso.
The
Today, with the new administrative arrangement,[42] the territory of Mali will henceforth comprise twenty (20) Regions instead of eight (08), plus the District of Bamako which will henceforth comprise ten (10) urban communes instead of six (06). [4]
Much of the transportation is either by the Niger River, or by paved roads linking Bamako to other major urban areas. Navigating the river is possible from Koulikoro to Mopti and Gao. The bush taxi is one of the main modes of transport.
Bamako is situated on both sides of the Niger River and three bridges connect the two banks: the Bridge of Martyrs completed in 1960 and renamed in memory of protesters killed in March 1991 by the regime of
Healthcare
The Point G hospital, built between 1906 and 1913, covers 25 hectares (62 acres). A former military hospital, it became a civilian hospital shortly before the independence of Mali, and is situated on a hill overlooking Bamako.[44]
The second hospital of Bamako is the Gabriel Touré Hospital named after a young doctor and humanist Gabriel Touré who was born in 1910 in Ouagadougou and died in 1935 after having been contaminated by a patient with the pneumonic plague. The hospital was established in 1959.[45]
The contract for the building of a new hospital in Bamako, to relieve pressure on the other hospital resources was signed on 27 December 2008. Located in the district of Yirimadio, the department will include a pediatric and obstetrics-gynecology facilities, a department of internal medicine, medical imagery facilities and hospital care with 150 beds to support the emergency services and intensive care. This hospital, like many recent developments in Bamako is financed and equipped with Chinese investment.[46]
In popular culture
Bamako has provided the backdrop or been the subject of books and films such as
Bamako was one of the cities featured in Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?, an educational computer game staple of the 1980s.[48]
Notable people
- Tiken Jah Fakoly
- Amadou & Mariam
- Sangaré Niamoto Ba
- Ousmane Cisse
- Idrissa Coulibaly
- Mohamed Coulibaly
- Massa Makan Diabaté
- Sidy Fassara Diabaté
- Drissa Diakite
- Mahamadou Diarra
- Drissa Diarra
- Moké Diarra
- Lamine Diawara
- Nare Diawara
- Yaya Dissa
- Adama Drabo
- Bakari Fofana
- Amara Morikè Kallé
- Ibrahim Kante
- Salif Keita
- Makan Konaté
- Amadou Konte
- Seydou Badian Kouyaté
- Abdoulaye Maïga
- Hamchétou Maïga
- Modibo Maiga
- Aya Nakamura
- Alpha Yaya Sangaré
- Adama Sanogo
- Amadou Sidibé
- Malick Sidibé
- Noé Sissoko
- Bakary Soumaré
- Tidiani (Jeff) Tall
- Jean Tigana
- Meiya Tireira
- Ali Farka Touré
- Almamy Toure
- Sidi Touré
- Dramane Traoré
Gallery
-
Monument de l'hospitalité
-
Bamako airport road welcome sign
-
Place de la liberté
-
Al Quoods Monument
-
Hamdallaye obelisk
-
Statue of Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes
-
Pyramide du souvenir
Twin towns and sister cities
- Angers, France (1974)
- Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (1974)
- Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (1994)
- Bordeaux, France (1999)
- Dakar, Senegal (1973)
- Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Rochester, United States (1975)
See also
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