Uprising in Banat
Uprising in Banat | |
---|---|
Part of Eyalet of Temeşvar, Ottoman Empire (modern Banat region, Serbia and Romania) | |
Result | Ottoman victory |
Austrian aid
Mustafa Pasha
Ali Çavuş
The Uprising in Banat
Background
Status of Serbs
Under Ottoman rule, Serbs experienced subjugation, oppression and suppression of their religion and culture. Under the Ottoman tax system of devshirme, male children from Serb families were taken by the state as part of taxes due to the imperial government. These children were forcbly converted to Islam and made to serve as janissaries.[1]
Ottoman crisis
The reign of Suleiman I has been described as the most famous period in Ottoman history.[2] At the end of his reign, however, the constant wars had taken its toll, damaging the economy.[2] The faulty economic policies that followed shook the economy and with that, the foundations of Ottoman society; state officials quickly became poor, their pay being worthless akçe, and corruption and bribes were common.[2] Mutiny struck throughout the Ottoman Empire, the rebellion of the capital troops in January 1593 assuring the government to seek out a new war of conquest to get out of the crisis.[2] The population (rayah, sr. raja) in the Sanjak of Çanad suffered in this period, since the 1560s.[3] Impoverished sipahi forced peasants to overwork themselves, and the sipahis imposed their own taxes on the peasants, despite laws preventing such actions.[4] Tax collectors, as well, abused their position, taking higher taxes.[4] Beys and vojvode (Christian chiefs) used the population's houses, tools, and animals, and ate free of charge, which was eventually prevented by government order.[4] A result of issues like these led to a massive migration of the population to Transylvania in 1583.[5] Records show the worsening of the population's status, and deteriorating economy (inflation).[5] It could be concluded from Ottoman sources that the main initiators and leaders of the uprising once belonged to the Christian layers in Ottoman military service.[5] After the Ottoman conquest of Gyula in 1566, these began to lose their privileges and became part of the lower class (raja); a part moved to Transylvania and the frontier parts of the empire, a part stayed, while a large number joined hajduk bands.[5]
The defeat of the Ottomans at the
Prelude
Smaller groups of Ottoman Christian
In March, a group of rebels led by Petar Majzoš burnt down Vršac and robbed the population of neighbouring villages, then retreated to Transylvania.[6] At the end of March, the rebels attacked and sacked Bocșa and Margina. In this period, it seems, the bandit forays turned into an uprising.[6] The aims of the uprising were expressed by the Orthodox clergy, headed by the bishop of Vršac, Teodor.[6]
Uprising
After the operations in the Vršac area, a large Ottoman ship convoy with war material was attacked on the Syrmian side of the Danube, most likely by Syrmian hajduks.
Immediately after the retreat of Ottoman troops, the remnants of defeated rebels, and rebel groups who had previously devastated the place of Ohat, attacked
Anticipating an Ottoman attack, the rebels asked for help from Transylvania and the Austrians.
Aftermath
Ottoman reprisal was daunting. After battles around Zrenjanin the army sacked and burnt villages all the way to the Mureș river (see also Pomorišje).[18] Many settlements were abandoned, and never rebuilt, as the population was either killed or taken slaves, or fled to Transylvania and the Habsburg part of Hungary.[19] The next year, Crimean Tatars wintered in the Eyalet of Temeşvar, which brought new pillage and slavery, and according to contemporary statements no living being could be seen for three days of walking.[18] The longer the war lasted, extraordinary war taxes rose.[18]
In 1596
Burning of St. Sava's remains
It remains unclear when St. Sava's remains were brought to Belgrade and incinerated. It was either during the uprising or a year after. In an act of retaliation, Grand Vizier
Archbishop Sava founded the
Legacy
The size of the uprising is illustrated in a
The coat of arms of Vršac, which was first recorded in 1804, includes a decapitated Turk head on a sabre above the Vršac Fortress, which is believed to signify Janko Halabura's duel victory in 1594.[23][24]
Bishop Teodor was canonized on 29 May 1994 as a hieromartyr (sveštenomučenik), with his feast day on 29 May [O.S. 16 May]. In 2009 the Vršac central square was named "St. Teodor of Vršac". On 28 October 2012, a memorial plaque was put up at the Church of the Holy Archangel Michael in Zrenjanin, honouring Teodor and the rebels.[25] A memorial cross and a red flag with the figure of Saint Sava was erected by the church.[26]
A historical drama play titled Enchanted Castle surrounding the Vršac Castle includes the character of Janko Halabura.[27]
Annotations
- ^
- R. Samardžić opted for Campana and concluded that rebels from Banat systematically crossed into Syrmia with the aim of slowing down the advance of the Ottoman army.[31] V. Krestić notes that Báthory only left Ottoman service the next year, and it is unlikely that it was done by the Banat rebels, at that time hiding in the frontier towards Transylvania; Ottoman chronicler Mustafa Naima asserted that hajduk bands in Syrmia numbered up to 500 that year, which points that this was their act, especially since they plundered many places in Syrmia, burnt Zemun, and took tribute from millers in the environs visibly to the Belgrade Turks.[8]
References
- ISBN 9781000525458.
- ^ a b c d Krestić 2003, p. 173.
- ^ Krestić 2003, pp. 173–174.
- ^ a b c Krestić 2003, p. 174.
- ^ a b c d e f Krestić 2003, p. 175.
- ^ a b c d e f Krestić 2003, p. 176.
- ^ a b Krestić 2003, pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b c d e f Krestić 2003, p. 177.
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 176, Ivić 1929, pp. 198–201
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 177, Samardžić 1993, p. 242
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Krestić 2003, p. 178.
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 178, Ivić 1929, p. 202
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 178, Ivić 1929, p. 202, Tomić 1899, p. 21
- ^ Samardžić 1993, pp. 244–245.
- ^ Samardžić 1993, p. 245.
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 178, Samardžić 1993, p. 245
- ^ Krestić 2003, pp. 178–179.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Krestić 2003, p. 179.
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 179, Ivić 1929, p. 206
- ^ Samardžić 1993.
- ^ Bakić-Hayden 2010, Milanović 2010
- ^ Rad vojvođanskih muzeja. Vol. 21–22. Vojvođanski muzej. 1973. p. 209.
- ^ "Hajduk Janko na grbu Vršca". Blic. 13 December 2008.
- ^ "СПОМЕН-ОБЕЛЕЖЈЕ ВЕЛИКИМ СРПСКИМ ЈУНАЦИМА". CZIPM. Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- ^ "Danas je Sveti Teodor Vršački". Zrenjanin.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Бојана Иванов-Ђорђевић ЗАЧАРАНИ ЗАМАК". NP Sterija. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- ^ Krestić 2003, p. 173, Samardžić 1993, p. 235
- ^ Samardžić 1993, p. 239.
- ^ Samardžić 1993, pp. 255, 323.
- ^ Krestić 2003, pp. 176–177; Tomić 1899, pp. 19–20, Samardžić 1993, pp. 236–237
Sources
- Books
- Đurđev, B.; Čubrilović, V.; Tadić, J. (1960). Народни покрети и устанци крајем XVI и почетком XVII века. Vol. II. Belgrade. pp. 460–477.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ekmečić, Milorad (2008). Дуго кретање између клања и орања (2nd ed.). Belgrade: Завод за уџбенике.
- Ivić, Aleksa (1929). Историја Срба у Војводини. Novi Sad: Matica srpska.
- Ivić, Aleksa (1914). Историја Срба у Угарској: од пада Смедерева до сеобе под Чарнојевићем (1459-1690). Zagreb: Привредникова.
- Krestić, Vasilije (2003). "Устанак Срба у Банату 1594. године и Дуги Рат". Istorija Novog Kneževca i okoline. Novi Kneževac: Skupština opštine.
- Samardžić, Radovan; Veselinović, Rajko L.; Popović, Toma (1993). Samardžić, Radovan (ed.). Историја српског народа: Срби под туђинском влашћу (1537–1699). Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga.
- Samardžić, Radovan (1993). "Дуги рат између Аустрије и Турске (1593–1606)". Историја српског народа III/1. Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga. pp. 214–335.
- Tomić, J. (1899). О устанку Срба у Банату 1594. године. Belgrade.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Vinaver, Vuk (1953). Прве устаничке борбе против Турака. Просвета. p. 17.
- Journals
- Bakić-Hayden, Milica (2010). "Saint Sava and the power (s) of spiritual authority" (PDF). Serbian Studies. 24 (1). NASSS: 49–62. S2CID 145778617. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
- Milanović, Ljubomir (2010). "Materializing authority: the church of Saint Sava in Belgrade and its architectural significance" (PDF). Serbian Studies. 24 (1). NASSS: 63–81. S2CID 144270672. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
- Sotirović, Vladislav B. (2011). "The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)" (PDF). Serbian Studies. 25 (2). NASSS: 143–169. S2CID 143629322.
- Vulović, Vladislav (1996). "Устанак Срба у Банату 1594. године". Рад музеја Војводине. 37–38. Novi Sad: Muzej Vojvodine: 255–262.
External links
- "Свети свештеномученик Теодор вршачки". Beseda. Archived from the original on 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2017-02-03.