Banded broadbill
Banded broadbill | |
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Male of the subspecies pallidus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Eurylaimidae |
Genus: | Eurylaimus |
Species: | E. javanicus
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Binomial name | |
Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield, 1821
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Range of the banded broadbill; nominate subspecies in light green and other subspecies in dark green | |
Synonyms[2] | |
The banded broadbill (Eurylaimus javanicus) is a
The species mainly eats
Taxonomy and systematics
The banded broadbill was described as Eurylaimus javanicus by the American naturalist Thomas Horsfield in 1821 based on specimens from Java. It is the type species of the genus Eurylaimus, which was created for it.[3] The name of the genus, Eurylaimus, derives from the Ancient Greek ευρυς, eurus, meaning broad, and λαιμος, laimos, meaning throat. The specific name javanicus comes from Java, the island on which it was discovered.[4] Banded broadbill is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU).[5] Another common name for the species is Javan broadbill.[6] The species is called takau rimba in Malay and Nok Phaya Paak Kwaang laay leuang in Thai.[7]
The banded broadbill is one of two species currently placed in the genus Eurylaimus, in the typical broadbill
Eurylaimidae |
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Four subspecies of the banded broadbill are currently recognised by the IOU:[5]
- E. j. pallidus (Chasen, 1935):[b] found from southeastern Myanmar to Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula.[5] Populations from the northern Malay Peninsula are sometimes separated as E. j. friedmanni.[11] It is similar to harterti, but has more metallic grey underparts and pinker throats and upperparts.[12]
- E. j. harterti (van Oort, 1909):[c] found on Sumatra, the Riau Archipelago, Bangka Island and Belitung.[5] The population from Belitung was previously recognised as E. j. billitonis, but this is not generally accepted any more.[11] It is larger than the nominate subspecies, with light blue-green irises, darker underparts, a more reddish upper back and a pink vent.[12]
- E. j. javanicus (
- E. j. brookei (
All the subspecies excluding javanicus are sometimes split as a separate species, E. harterti, on the basis of morphology, which would make the current species monotypic (having only one subspecies).[12] According to this scheme, the nominate subspecies is called the Javan broadbill,[1] and the three subspecies in E. harterti (harterti, brookei and pallidus) are called the banded broadbill.[14]
Description
The banded broadbill is a striking, large-bodied bird, with a length of 21.5–23.0 cm (8.5–9.1 in). The weight of 10 adult pallidus specimens from the Malay Peninsula was 65.1–95.0 g (2.30–3.35 oz), males weighing slightly more than females. If seen clearly, the species is unlikely to be confused with any other bird. It may be mistaken for black-and-yellow broadbill, which differs in its smaller size, black head and contrasting white collar.[12]
Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a glossy purple-red head, which turns black towards the lores (region between the eyes and beak) and base of the bill. The chin, throat and ear-coverts are slightly lighter, with a black band across the neck; this neckband is sometimes faint or absent in males from Borneo and Java. The top of the head is glossy maroon black and turns grey towards the back of the neck. The upper back is maroon-tinged dark brown; the rest of the back is mostly black, except for a central line of yellow streaks. The primary feathers are dark brown, with thin yellow edges that are present as a yellow line on the bend of the wing. The remaining wing-coverts are blackish, with yellowish markings. The secondaries have bright yellow edges to their outer margins that form a well-marked, trapezoidal patch on the wing. The underparts are pale pinkish-violet to wine-red, with a grey tinge to the chin and upper breast and a pure grey breast-band. The tail is dark black and has white spots on the underside, the undertail-coverts are pale yellow and the rump has a variable black and yellow pattern. The brilliant turquoise blue beak is broad and hooked, edged green or black.[7][12] It is among the widest-billed broadbills, with a thick, heart-shaped and wide tongue that allows it to mash and "chew" its food, helping the species consume relatively large prey.[15][16] The irises are pale yellow in javanicus and sapphire blue in all other subspecies, and the legs are pale pinkish-brown to light greyish-blue with dull black feathering.[7][12]
Females are similar to males, but can be told apart by their lack of a neckband and greyer heads and underparts. Juveniles have pale brown heads, brown upper backs, dark brown wings and black tails. They have a marked yellow supercilium (line above the eye) that widens towards the back of the neck to become a broken collar, and the ear-coverts have narrow yellow streaks. The upper back has irregular yellow spots and the back and rump are largely yellow. The wings have yellowish markings like those of adults. The throat is yellowish with pale dark streaks and is separated from the breast by a yellowish-white strip, the rest of the underparts being a pink-tinted yellow. The bill is orangish-brown. As juveniles age, the yellow on the body is gradually replaced with purple-pink, starting with the head and side of the neck. In Malaysia, moulting has been observed in all months except January and February and peaks from May to August. The primary feathers nearest the body are moulted first, and those further away moult later.[7][12]
Reddish colours in the banded broadbill's plumage are caused by the biological pigment 2,3-didehydro-papilioerythrinone, which is also found in the black-and-yellow broadbill, black-and-red broadbill and Sarcophanops species. The yellow in the species' plumage is caused by the carotenoid 7,8-dihydro-3′-dehydro-lutein, which is also present in the plumage of the black-and-yellow broadbill.[17]
Vocalisation
The species' song is a remarkable, short, loud wheeoo or wiuk, occasionally prefaced with 4–9 whirr notes and always followed with a noisy, high-speed, rattling trill lasting 5–9 seconds that initially rises in pitch before quickly falling. This song is frequently given by two birds one after the other, with neighbouring pairs then responding. It can be triggered by other sudden, loud sounds, but the response to playback (recorded birdsong) is usually sluggish. Other calls include a nasal whee-u, a squeaky kyeeow, a keowrr and a squealing keek-eek-eek similar to that of a black-and-red broadbill.[7][12] Soft calls made during wing displays are less squeaky and lower than similar ones made by black-and-yellow broadbills.[18]
Distribution and habitat
The banded broadbill is found in
The species inhabits several types of forest, including
Behaviour and ecology
Despite the banded broadbill's distinctive and conspicuous colouration, it is generally hard to observe due to its lethargic habits and is generally only seen due to its loud song.
Feeding
The banded broadbill's diet includes
Like other broadbills, the species forages in a sluggish manner. It has a toothed bill-tip and spends the majority of its time
Breeding
On the Malay Peninsula, breeding in the banded broadbill usually takes place in the dry season following the
Like other typical broadbills, the banded broadbill's nests are usually made at a height of 6–21 m (20–69 ft) over clearings or water bodies, hanging from dead or living trees like
The banded broadbill's eggs are oval-shaped and measure 26.1 mm–31.5 mm × 17.1 mm–22.2 mm (1.03 in–1.24 in × 0.67 in–0.87 in). They have a smooth and slightly shiny surface and are usually dull white with dark purple or reddish-brown flecks, denser at the wide end; West Javan eggs are dirty white, sometimes tinged pink, with dense rusty-brown to lavender-grey markings concentrated at the broader end.
Status
The
Explanatory notes
- conspecific with the wattled broadbill. Additionally, it treated the grey-lored broadbill as being conspecific with the silver-breasted broadbill.[9][10]
- ^ pallidus means pale and is derived from the Modern Latin pallidus, meaning pallid.[4]
- Ernst Johann Otto Hartert, a German ornithologist and natural history collector.[4]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Dekker, René W. R. J.; Dickinson, Edward C.; Eck, Siegfried; Somadikarta, Soekarja (2000). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 3. Types of the Eurylaimidae" (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen. 331: 77–88 [80]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1821.tb00061.x. Retrieved 30 December 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e f g "NZ wrens, Sapayoa, broadbills, asities, pittas". IOC World Bird List. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Eurylaimus javanicus (Banded Broadbill)". Avibase. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ OCLC 659739244.
- from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ Cottrell, G. William; Greenway, James C.; Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A.; Peters, James Lee; Traylor, Melvin A. (1951). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 9. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ PMID 28069777.
- ^ a b Dekker, René W.R.J.; Dickinson, Edward C. (2000). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 2. A preliminary review of the Eurylaimidae" (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen. 331: 65–76. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ S2CID 240930089. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ Jobling, James A., ed. (7 July 2022). "The Key to Scientific Names". Birds of the World. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ . Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ S2CID 133794807.