Bangalore

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Coordinates: 12°58′44″N 77°35′30″E / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167
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This article is about the city in Karnataka, India. For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation).

Bangalore
Bangalore is located in India
Bangalore
Bangalore
Location in India
Coordinates: 12°58′44″N 77°35′30″E / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167
Bayaluseemé
DistrictsBangalore Urban
Established1537
Founded byKempe Gowda I
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • 
KA:01-05, 41, 50-53, 57-61
GDP$110 billion[8]
Official languageKannada[9]
Websitewww.bbmp.gov.in

Bangalore (

state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 11 million, making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India, as well as second largest urban agglomeration in South India, and the 27th largest city in the world.[10] Located on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bangalore has a pleasant climate throughout the year, with its parks and green spaces earning it the reputation as the "Garden City" of India.[11] Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.[12]

The city's history dates back to around 890 CE, as found in a stone inscription found at the

Devaraja Wodeyar II of the Kingdom of Mysore.[13] When Haider Ali
seized control of the kingdom, the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands.

The city was captured by the

official name
in 2006.

Bangalore is considered to be one of the fastest-growing global major metropolises.[14][15] Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area has ranked Bangalore as one of the most productive metro areas of India.[16][17] The city is considered to be the pivot for high-technology-based heavy manufacturing industry, with numerous large multinational technology corporations setting up their headquarters in Bangalore. This metropolis is home to many top-tier engineering and research institutions. Bangalore is known as the "Silicon Valley of India" because of its role as the nation's leading software exporter as well as being a major semiconductor hub.[18] Several state-owned aerospace and defence organisations are located in the city. The presence of numerous notable sporting arenas in Bangalore makes it one of the sporting hubs of the country.

Etymology

Bangalore is an

anglicised version of the city's Kannada name Bengalūru. It was the name of a village near Kodigehalli in Bangalore city today and was used by Kempe Gowda to name the city as Bangalore at the time of its foundation in 1537. The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru" was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu (Kannada: ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು; lit. 'hero stone', a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). According to an inscription found in Begur, "Bengalūrū" was the place of a battle in 890 CE.[19][20]

It was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyanagara" during the Vijayanagara times.[21]

An

deciduous trees that grows abundantly in the region.[24]

On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru.[25] On 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the name change.[26] The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006.[27][28] The Union government approved this request, along with name changes for 11 other Karnataka cities, in October 2014. Hence, Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014.[29][30]

History

Main article: History of Bangalore

Early and medieval history

Chola
era.

A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during the 2001 Census of India at Jalahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's outskirts today, suggest human settlement around 4000 BCE.[31] Around 1,000 BCE (during the Iron Age), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL Airport indicate that the region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in 27 BCE.[32]

The region of modern-day Bangalore was part of several successive

Chola era.[34]

In 1117, the

Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.[39]

Foundation and early modern history

Bangalore Palace, built in 1887 in Tudor architectural style was modelled on Windsor Castle in England.[40]

Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a

chief of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built a mud-brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandubhūmi" or "Land of Heroes".[23] Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a pete (Kannada pronunciation: [peːteː]).[41] The town had two main streets—Chikkapeté Street and Doddapeté Street.[42] Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square—the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda I's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bangalore's boundary.[43] During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City").[44]

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the

Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees.[13] After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760.[45] The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan. Hyder and Tipu directed the building of the Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760.[46] Under them, Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.[44]

The Bangalore fort was captured by

Madras (now Chennai), in 1864.[51]

Later modern and contemporary history

Aerial view of UB City
, a business district in Bangalore, 2019

In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a

Anglo-Indians army officers.[53]

Bangalore was hit by a

Shivanasamudra.[57] The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub.[58] In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo, an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II, was devised in Bangalore by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners.[59]

Bangalore's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the

Bombay took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.[58]

After India's independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the newly carved

MICO (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city.[66][67]

By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the

2013.[71][72][73]

Geography

Main article: Bangalore geography and environment
The Hesaraghatta Lake
in Bangalore

Bangalore lies in the southeast of the

Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Cretaceous Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft).[74]: 8  It is located at 12°58′44″N 77°35′30″E / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167 and covers 741 km2 (286 sq mi).[75] The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district.[76]

Bangalore's topography is generally flat, although the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is

River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage.[78][79] A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km2 (83 sq mi) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the city's periphery.[80]

In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the first half of the 20th century, the Nandi Hills

random sampling of the air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic.[84]

Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and

alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils.[84]

The city's vegetation is mostly large

Richter scale.[92]

Climate

Bangalore has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.[93] The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) and the hottest month is April with an average high of 35 °C (95 °F).[94] The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 39.2 °C (103 °F), recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with the strong El Niño in that year.[95] The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 °C (46 °F) in January 1884.[96][97] Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 °C (57 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 °C (97 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons, and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August.[94] The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days.[98] The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 mm (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997.[99] In 2022, Bangalore faced a large amount of rainfall, which was 368% more than the yearly average.[100] Several areas were flooded, and power supply was also cut off.[101][102]

Climate data for Bangalore (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.3
(99.1) 		39.2
(102.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.1
(100.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.1
(88.0) 		39.2
(102.6)
Average high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		30.9
(87.6) 		33.4
(92.1) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.1
(91.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.1
(82.6) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.5
(83.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		29.8
(85.6)
Average low °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.8
(67.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.4
(66.9)
Record low °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.6
(49.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		7.8
(46.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.6
(0.06) 		7.1
(0.28) 		14.7
(0.58) 		61.7
(2.43) 		128.7
(5.07) 		110.3
(4.34) 		116.4
(4.58) 		162.7
(6.41) 		208.3
(8.20) 		186.4
(7.34) 		64.5
(2.54) 		15.4
(0.61) 		1,077.8
(42.43)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.3 1.1 4.0 7.5 6.8 8.0 10.2 9.5 9.6 4.2 1.3 62.7
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		41 32 29 35 47 62 65 67 64 65 61 53 52
Average dew point °C (°F) 13
(55) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		19
(66) 		19
(66) 		19
(66) 		19
(66) 		18
(64) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 262.3 247.6 271.4 257.0 241.1 136.8 111.8 114.3 143.6 173.1 190.2 211.7 2,360.9
Average ultraviolet index 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 12
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[103][104][105] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[106]
Source 2:
NOAA (sun: 1971–1990)[107] Weather Atlas[108]
Climate data for Bangalore (HAL Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38.3
(100.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.5
(99.5) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		38.3
(100.9)
Average high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.0
(91.4) 		29.9
(85.8) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		29.6
(85.3)
Average low °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.7
(65.7)
Record low °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		8.8
(47.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 2.3
(0.09) 		5.8
(0.23) 		11.2
(0.44) 		59.8
(2.35) 		110.4
(4.35) 		101.8
(4.01) 		101.1
(3.98) 		133.6
(5.26) 		176.4
(6.94) 		177.3
(6.98) 		59.0
(2.32) 		15.0
(0.59) 		953.7
(37.55)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.4 0.8 3.5 6.6 5.8 7.6 9.0 8.9 9.3 4.3 1.1 57.5
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		41 31 28 35 46 62 65 67 63 65 61 54 52
Source: India Meteorological Department[103][104][109]

Demographics

See also:
Housing in Bangalore
Population growth
YearPop.±%
1941406,760—    
1951778,977+91.5%
19611,207,000+54.9%
19711,654,000+37.0%
19812,922,000+76.7%
19914,130,000+41.3%
20015,101,000+23.5%
20118,425,970+65.2%
Source: Census of India[110][111]
Sunset over the city from Nagawara
Lord Shiva statue at Shivoham Shiva Temple

Bangalore is a megacity with a population of 8,443,675 in the city and 10,456,000 in the urban agglomeration,[6][5] up from 8.5 million at the 2011 census.[112] It is the third most populous city in India, the 18th most populous city in the world and the fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India.[10][113] With a growth rate of 38% during the decade, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English, Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada and Banglori in Hindi or Urdu.[114] People from other states have migrated to Bangalore, study, or work there as well.[115]

Religion in Bangalore City (2011)[116]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 79%
Islam
 
 13.90%
Christianity
 
 5.48%
Jainism
 
 0.97%
Sikhism
 
 0.15%
Buddhism
 
 0.06%
Others
 
 0.44%

According to the 2011 census of India, 79% of Bangalore's population is

National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.[120]

In the Ease of Living Index 2020 (published by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs), it was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.[121]

Bangalore has the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, the proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.[122]

Further information: Rashtrottahana Parishat

Languages

Languages of Bangalore (2011)[123]

  Kannada (42.05%)
  Tamil (16.34%)
  Telugu (13.73%)
  Urdu (13.00%)
  Hindi (4.64%)
  Malayalam (3.16%)
  Marathi (2.05%)
  Others (5.03%)

The official language of Bangalore is

Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada, is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining Mysore regions.[126] English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.[127]

The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city, other than the

Dakhanis.[128][129][130] Already in the 16th century, Bangalore had few Tamil or Telugu or speakers, who spoke Kannada for business.[131] Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty.[132]

Other native communities are the

Mappilas.[137]

Other languages with sizeable numbers of speakers include Konkani, Bengali, Marwari, Tulu, Odia, Gujarati, Kodagu, Punjabi, Lambadi, Sindhi and Nepali.[138]

Civic administration

See also: Infrastructure in Bangalore

Management

The Vikasa Soudha, situated adjacent to the Vidhana Soudha
, houses many state ministries.

The

BJP's M Goutham Kumar took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020, the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP.[144] The municipal commissioner of Bangalore is Tushar Giri Nath,[145] and the police commissioner is Pratap Reddy.[146]

Bangalore's rapid growth has created several administrative problems relating to traffic congestion and degrading infrastructure. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks; a flyover system and one-way traffic systems were introduced, which were only moderately successful.[147] A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) air quality and noise pollution were poor.[148] The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.[149]

The

Bangalore South,[151] and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.[152]

Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the

Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM),[153] while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).[154]

The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany,[155] France,[156] Japan,[157] Israel,[158] British Deputy High Commission,[159] along with honorary consulates of Ireland,[160] Finland,[161] Switzerland,[162] Maldives,[163] Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru.[164] It also has a trade office of Canada[165] and a virtual Consulate of the United States.[166]

Pollution control

As of 2022, Bangalore produces around 6000 

metric tonnes of solid waste per day.[167] This waste is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake, to the garbage dumping sites.[168] The city has considerable dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals.[169] The IT hub, the Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bangalore.[170] In 2016, a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.[171]

Anil Kumar, Commissioner of the BBMP, said: "The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing the impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens."[172]

Slums

According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore had 862 slums out of around 2000 slums in all of Karnataka. 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai, Hyderabad and most of North India, and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings.[173] One-third of these slum clearance projects lacked basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply.[174]

Waste management

Ιn 2012, Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of

Municipal Solid Waste, or 194.3 kilograms per person.[175] Waste management in Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a Central Government entity. As part of the Waste Management Guidelines, the government of Karnataka through the KSPCB has authorised a few well-established companies to manage biomedical and other hazardous waste in Karnataka.[176]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bangalore
The Bangalore Skyline
Bangalore city skyline showing UB City to the left and Richmond Town area to the right

Bangalore is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India.[177] Bangalore contributes 38% of India's total IT exports.[178] Its economy is primarily service oriented and industrial,[179] dominated by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, and manufacturing of electronics, machinery, automobiles, food, etc.[180] Major industrial areas around Bangalore are Adugodi, Bidadi, Bommanahalli, Bommasandra, Domlur, Hoodi, Whitefield, Doddaballapura, Hoskote, Bashettihalli, Yelahanka, Electronic City, Peenya, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Narasapura, Rajajinagar, Mahadevapura etc.[181][182] It is the fifth Indian city to host maximum numbers of Fortune Companies, after Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai.[183]

Infosys
headquarters in Bangalore
Mercedes-Benz R&D in Whitefield
, Bangalore

The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges.

high-net-worth individuals with a ₹4.5 crore investment surplus in 2007.[192] In the Ease of Living Index 2020, it was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.[121]

World Trade Center Bangalore at Rajajinagar

The city is widely regarded as the "Silicon Valley of India", as the largest IT hub of the continent.[18] Infosys, Wipro, Mindtree, Mphasis, Flipkart, Myntra are headquartered in Bangalore.[193] Information technology companies located in the city contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$20 billion) IT exports in 2006–07.[194] Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main clusters: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronic City.[195] Most of the IT companies are located in Bommanahalli, Domlur, Whitefield, Electronic City, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Mahadevapura.[196]

Transport

Air

The Kempegowda International Airport is located in Devanahalli
.

Bangalore is served by

GVK Group. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport at Vimanapura, a residential locality in the eastern part of the city.[198][199][200] The airport is the third-busiest in India after Delhi and Mumbai in terms of passenger and airplane traffic.[201] Taxis and air-conditioned Volvo buses operated by BMTC connect the airport with the city.[202]

Railways and Metro

Namma Metro (Green line)

As of 2022, a rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being built in stages. Initially opened with the 7 km (4.3 mi) stretch from Baiyappanahalli to MG Road in 2011,[203] roads totaling 42.30 km (26.28 mi) for the north–south and east–west lines were made operational in June 2017.[204] Phase 2 of the metro covering 72.1 km (44.8 mi) is under construction and includes two new lines along with the extension of the existing north–south and east–west lines.[205] There are also plans to extend the north–south line to the airport, covering a distance of 29.6 km (18.4 mi).[206]

Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. There are four major railway stations in the city: Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station; Bangalore Cantonment railway station; Yeshwantapur Junction, Krishnarajapuram railway station and newly inagurated Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminus, with railway lines towards Jolarpettai in the east; Guntakal in the north; Kadapa (only operational until Kolar) in the northeast; Tumkur in the northwest; Hassan and Mangalore[207] in the west; Mysore in the southwest; and Salem in the south. There is also a railway line from Baiyappanahalli to Vimanapura, no longer in use. Though Bangalore has no commuter rail as of 2022, there have been demands for a suburban rail service because of the large number of employees working in the IT corridor areas of Whitefield, Outer Ring Road and Electronic City. The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore.[208]

Bus

BMTC's Vajra buses are a popular in the IT corridor. It was introduced in 2005.[209]
BMTC is the first RTC to do so in India. Special Volvo buses to airports are known as Vayu Vajra.

Buses operated by

Taxis are usually available via phone calls or online services; they are metered and generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws.[213]

Road

National Highway 275 (NH-275), running from Bangalore to Mangalore

Bangalore is well-connected with

national highways with the rest of the country. The highways are National Highway 44 (NH-44), National Highway 48 (NH-48) (also Asian Highway 47 (AH-47)), National Highway 275 (NH-275), National Highway 75 (NH-75), National Highway 648 (NH-648) and National Highway 948 (NH-948), along with state highways. An average of 1,750 vehicles are registered daily in Bangalore Regional Transport Offices (RTOs).[214] The total number of vehicles, as of 2020, are around 8,500,000 vehicles, and the city's roads total 11,000 km (6,835 mi).[215][216]

Bangalore currently has one expressway, the Bangalore–Mysore Expressway, operational since March 2023, which is part of NH-275.[217] In the coming years, the city will get more expressways, resulting in enhanced connectivity and commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bangalore
Yakshagana
 – a theatre art of coastal Karnataka is often played in town hall.

Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery,

Cubbon Park.[223] In May 2012, guidebook publisher Lonely Planet ranked Bangalore third among the world's top ten cities to visit.[224]

Deepawali and Christmas.[226][227]

Bangalore's social and economic diversity is reflected in its cuisine.

PETA's Indian branch.[231][232]

Art and literature

Compared to

art festival, Art Bangalore, was established in 2010.[234]

Vachanas (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the Veerashaiva Mathas (monastery) in Bangalore.[235][236] The headquarters of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore.[237] The city has its own literary festival, known as the "Bangalore Literature Festival", inaugurated in 2012.[238]

The Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath is an art gallery that showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art.[239][240] The Indian Cartoon Gallery is located in the heart of Bangalore, dedicated to the art of cartooning, and is the first of its kind in India. The gallery conducts fresh cartoon exhibitions of various professional as well as amateur cartoonists every month. The gallery has been organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists based in Bangalore that serves to promote and preserve the work of eminent cartoonists in India. The institute has organised more than one hundred exhibitions of cartoons.[241]

Theatre, music, and dance

Bangalore is home to the

Kannada film industry, which produces about 200 Kannada feature films each year.[242] Bangalore also has an active theatre culture; popular theatres include Ravindra Kalakshetra[243] and the Ranga Shankara.[244] The city has an active English- and foreign-language theatre scene; popular theatres include Ranga Shankara and Chowdiah Memorial Hall.[244]
Kannada theatre is popular in Bangalore and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but some by amateur groups. Drama companies touring India under the auspices of the British Council and Max Müller Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently.[245] The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays throughout the year.[246]

Bangalore is also a major centre of

Pub Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene.[251]

Education

Main article: Education in Bangalore
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
, one of the premier management institutes in India

Schools

Main article: List of schools in Bangalore

Bangalore has a literacy rate of around 88%, according to the

St. Joseph's European School in 1858.[254] The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore government in 1858 and the Bishop Cotton Boys' School was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI; the school is popularly known as Bangalore Military School.[255][256]

Primary, middle school and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the government or government recognised private boards of education, such as the

arts, commerce or science – in various combinations.[261] Alternatively, students may enroll in diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.[262][263]

Universities

Main article: List of institutions of higher education in Bangalore
National Law School of India University
, a premier law university

Established in 1858, the

Central College of Bangalore is the city's oldest college. It was affiliated originally with University of Mysore and subsequently with Bangalore University. In 1882 priests from the Paris Foreign Missions Society established St. Joseph's College. Bangalore University was established in 1886; it is affiliated with over 500 colleges and has a total student enrolment of over 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore – Jnanabharathi and Central College.[264] University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in 1917 by M. Visvesvaraya
and is affiliated with many private engineering colleges. Among the prominent research institutes in Bangalore are the Indian Institute of Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, National Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences and the National Institute of Advanced Studies. Some private institutions in Bangalore include Symbiosis International University, SVKM's NMIMS, CMR University, Christ University, Jain University, PES University, Dayananda Sagar University and Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences. Private medical colleges include St. John's Medical College, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, and Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre.[265]

Media

The first

Wesleyan Christian Mission.[266] In 1859, the bi-weekly Bangalore Herald became the first English newspaper to be published in Bangalore, and in 1860, the Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.[267][268] Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated newspapers in Kannada and English, respectively, closely followed by the Prajavani and Deccan Herald – both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited, the largest print media house in Karnataka.[269][270] Other circulated newspapers include Vijayvani, Vishwavani, Kannadaprabha, Sanjevani, Bangalore Mirror, Udayavani provide localised news updates.[271]

All India Radio, the Indian national state radio service, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955.[272] All broadcasts were AM until 2001, when Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore;[273] a number of other FM channels have been initiated since.[274] The city probably has India's oldest amateur (ham) radio club – the Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), established in 1959.[275]

Bangalore got its first television network when

Direct To Home (DTH) services also became available in Bangalore from around 2007.[279]

The first

broadband Internet connections in India.[282]

Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network in Bangalore, the first free WiFi in India. It began operations on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the Karnataka state government.[283] Bangalore was the first city in India to have access to 4G mobile internet services.[284]

Sports

Chinnaswamy Stadium
during a test match
Aerial view of Sree Kanteerava Stadium

KL Rahul, Karun Nair, Mayank Agarwal, Brijesh Patel and Stuart Binny. Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 40,000[288] and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's National Cricket Academy,[289] Karnataka State Cricket Association and the Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore.[290]

I-League 2nd Division.[294][295][296] It hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup.[297]

The city hosts the

Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually.[298]

Bangalore is home to the Bangalore rugby football club (BRFC).[299] The city also has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, whose previous members include Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore.[300]

India's

All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone.[303]

Bangalore's

India's national basketball team won the gold medal on both occasions. Bangalore is home to the Bengaluru Beast—the 2017 vice-champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.[304]

The Kanteerava Indoor Stadium and Sheraton Grand has hosted various kabaddi matches, including the entire Pro Kabaddi League Season 8.[305] The Bengaluru Bulls is one of the teams in this league.[306]

Shillong Lajong
on 7 January 2017
City-based professional clubs
Club Sport League Stadium Span
Bangalore Warhawks American football EFLI HAL Sports Complex 2012–
Bengaluru Beast Basketball UBA 2015–
Bengaluru Raptors Badminton PBL Koramangala Indoor Stadium 2013–
Bangalore Raptors Tennis Champions Tennis League KSLTA Tennis Stadium 2014–2014
Bengaluru Bulls Kabaddi PKL Kanteerava Indoor Stadium 2014–
Bengaluru FC Football Indian Super League Sree Kanteerava Stadium 2013–
FC Bengaluru United
Football
I-League 2nd Division
 Bangalore Football Stadium 2018–
HAL Bangalore
Football
 I-League Bangalore Football Stadium N/A
Ozone FC
Football
I-League 2nd Division
 Bangalore Football Stadium 2015–
South United FC
Football
I-League 2nd Division
 Bangalore Football Stadium 2013–
KGF Academy
Football
I-League 2nd Division
 Bangalore Football Stadium 2011–
Bangalore Hi-Fliers Field hockey PHL Bangalore Hockey Stadium 2005–2008
Karnataka Lions Field hockey WSH Bangalore Hockey Stadium 2011–2012
Royal Challengers Bangalore Cricket IPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008–
Bengaluru Torpedoes Volleyball Prime Volleyball League Koramangala Indoor Stadium 2021–

Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

See also

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Works cited

Further reading

External links

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