Bangui
Bangui
Bangî | |
---|---|
Map of the Central African Republic showing Bangui | |
Coordinates: 04°22′24″N 18°33′46″E / 4.37333°N 18.56278°E | |
Country | Central African Republic |
Prefecture | Bangui |
Founded | 1889 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Émile Gros Raymond Nakombo (2016–present) |
Area | |
• Total | 67 km2 (26 sq mi) |
Elevation | 369 m (1,211 ft) |
Population (2021)[1] | |
• Total | 812,407 |
• Density | 12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi) |
HDI | 0.513 (1st) |
Bangui (French pronunciation:
The city has been part of Bangui Prefecture since December 2020.[3] As of 2020[update] it had an estimated population of 889,231.
The city consists of eight urban districts (
History
The modern settlement of Bangui was founded by Michel Dolisie and Alfred Uzac on 26 June 1889 on the direction of
The colony of Ubangi-Shari received its autonomy in 1958 as the Central African Republic and became independent from France in 1960. In 1970, President Jean-Bédel Bokassa inaugurated the University of Bangui.[8] He established the national airline Air Centrafrique the following year and ordered the construction of two new luxury hotels in Bangui. With tensions mounting between Bangui and Paris as a result of Bokassa's uncontrollable expenditures, western banks refused to lend him any more money.[8] Relations with the French worsened still further in April 1974, when the body of Brigette Miroux was discovered in a hotel room in Bangui. Miroux was a native of northern France who in 1973 came to the Central African Republic to become a "hostess" in Bokassa's Caravelle aircraft.[9] It was reported in the French media that she had been Bokassa's mistress and that he was responsible for her murder.[8] As a result, Bokassa banned import of French newspapers and assumed control of the Agence France-Presse office in Bangui.[8] By 1975, Bangui had a population of 300,723.[10]
In March 1981, widespread violence took place in Bangui following elections, after
In May 1996, about 200 soldiers of the Central African Republic mutinied in Bangui, demanding salary increases and the abdication of Ange-Félix Patassé.[13] In the aftermath, the renegades plundered and killed more than 50 people.[13] Following this, the French troops stationed in the country suppressed the rebellion and restored the dictatorial power. After being elected, President Patassé announced a national unity government in early 1997. The Patassé government, the opposition parties, and religious groups signed the Bangui Agreements in January 1997 which were a series of measures designed to reconcile competing political factions, reform and strengthen the economy.[14] The same year, the rebel troops refused a military base in Bangui and in June a new revolt broke out.
In view of frequent political unrest the city was named in 1996 as one of the most dangerous cities in the world.[15] On 25 October 2002, several towns in the country and later Bangui itself were attacked by the forces of General François Bozizé, backed with international support.[16] Bozizé refused to accept an arrest warrant and "defected with about a hundred troops, engaged in street battles in the northern neighborhoods of Bangui (traditionally supporting Patassé)" and went north.[17] Bozizé went into exile in Chad[17] but his troops returned to Bangui and fighting continued. Peace-keeping forces were ineffective, leaving Patassé isolated, and with support from Chad, Bozizé's troops were successful in removing Patassé's government. Patassé, who was returning from Niger after attending a conference, was not permitted to land in Bangui and he took asylum in Togo, and Bozizé seized power and suspended the constitution. An all-party National Transitional Government was set up which functioned as an interim legislative body. However, the "climate of distrust continued".[18]
2013 rebellion
In late 2012, the Séléka coalition rebelled against his autocratic rule and entered the city. After capturing Bria, Sibut, and other important towns, they were on the verge of capturing Damara, the last strategic town before Bangui. France and the US refused to support the president and neighbouring countries reinforced the Central African Multinational Force (Fomac).[19]
In January 2013, the rebels terminated their operations, hoping for a negotiated settlement.[19] Following a ceasefire and a power-sharing agreement, Séléka and Bozizé agreed to honour the rebel's demands for the release of rebel prisoners and the expulsion of foreign troops from the country. The agreement allowed Bozizé to complete his term in office and to include members of Séléka in a new government. It was also agreed that fresh elections would be held in 2016.[20] The agreement was not honoured and the rebels captured Bangui on 23 March 2013, forcing Bozizé to flee the capital.[21]
As of early January 2014, "around 500,000 have fled their homes" in Bangui, "almost half the city's population."[22]
On 13 January 2021 around 200 rebels attacked Bangui, killing one peacekeeper before being repelled.[23]
Geography and climate
Bangui, close to the country's southern border, lies on the northern banks of the
Close to the river, the city centre features a large
The
The Central African Republic is situated just north of the Equator with daily temperatures normally reaching at least 30 °C. Bangui, close to the Equator in the south of the country, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern regions.
Climate data for Bangui ( Bangui M'poko International Airport ) 1991–2020
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.8 (92.8) |
35.1 (95.2) |
34.7 (94.5) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.2 (77.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 11.1 (0.44) |
43.3 (1.70) |
98.3 (3.87) |
117.6 (4.63) |
151.7 (5.97) |
160.8 (6.33) |
196.8 (7.75) |
218.3 (8.59) |
175.7 (6.92) |
198.4 (7.81) |
68.5 (2.70) |
18.0 (0.71) |
1,458.4 (57.42) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 94 |
Average relative humidity (%) (daily average)
|
62.8 | 62.1 | 67.9 | 73.3 | 76.2 | 78.2 | 80.0 | 79.8 | 78.3 | 78.5 | 74.7 | 68.4 | 73.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 221 | 208 | 207 | 195 | 191 | 184 | 162 | 160 | 161 | 167 | 198 | 237 | 2,291 |
Source: NOAA[34] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 42,000 | — |
1951 | 47,000 | +11.9% |
1960 | 94,000 | +100.0% |
1970 | 204,000 | +117.0% |
1975 | 279,800 | +37.2% |
1988 | 427,435 | +52.8% |
1994 | 524,000 | +22.6% |
2001 | 652,000 | +24.4% |
2020 | 889,000 | +36.3% |
2021 | 910,000 | +2.4% |
2022 | 933,000 | +2.5% |
After the Central African Republic attained independence in 1960, developmental activities began, and the urbanization of Bangui ensued. This is evidenced by the population growth from 279,800 in 1975 to 427,435 in 1988[10] to 524,000 by 1994,[35] and to 652,000 in 2001.[36] Apart from the ethnic people of the country, the city is also home for a minority group of Greek, Portuguese and Yemeni traders, and also has a small community of French people. The Bangui resident community includes diamond traders from western Africa and Chad, traders from many African countries, and refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria.[32]
The official languages of the country are
Economy
Bangui serves as an administrative, trade, and commercial centre. During the Second World War the country became wealthier as exports of rubber, cotton, coffee, uranium and diamonds increased.[36] After the war, the employment of local people in mainstream administration led to the development of the country's infrastructure, which increased trade while slowing the national movement for independence.[36]
During David Dacko's presidency from 1960 to 1966, there was a significant increase in the production of diamonds.[37] This occurred when the monopoly of the French concessionary companies was ended with a law allowing local citizens to dig for diamonds. After Dacko set up a diamond cutting factory at Bangui, diamonds became the country's leading export. But by the end of his five-year tenure, rampant corruption and financial indiscipline had resulted in workers being left unpaid and civil unrest ensued. Bokassa then seized power in a military coup in 1966.[37] Concurrently, Bangui also became the key centre for social and cultural activity in the region, when new institutions were established in the city. However, political turmoil in the country, rampant corruption, and the dictatorial rule of President Bokassa centred in the city, brought in economic recession in the 1970s exacerbated by a fall in international prices for its major exports. This caused impoverishment of the people and severe conflict, further compounded by refugees migrating from troubled neighbouring countries.[36]
Bangui received its first bank in 1946 when a branch of the
Landmarks
The old town of Bangui has retained its colonial town planning, with wide boulevards leading towards a central market square.
There are several hotels up to international standards. The Ledger Plaza Bangui on the outskirts has an outdoor swimming pool, tennis court, and comfortable amentities.[43] The National Hotel was established in 1970 with 30 rooms. Also of note are the Golf Palace Hotel, the Hotel du Centre with 72 rooms, JM Residence, the Oubangui Hotel, established in 1985, and Hotel Somba with 23 rooms.[44]
Culture
Customs
Polygamy is an accepted practice among men.
When someone dies in Bangui a representative from his or her village attends the funeral. "This person is charged with indicating to the deceased the way back home so that the deceased may avenge himself and herself and demonstrate the power of the family".[45] The representative who attends the funeral also carries a little dust from the grave to the village, and gives it to the village's medicine man so that he can ascertain the reasons for his death.[45]
Most of the holidays in Bangui are festivals related to the Christian and Muslim faiths and are the same as those observed in other parts of the world. National holidays include independence day and the birthdays of Boganda and several other national heroes.[45]
Cuisine
The cuisine of CAR is referred to as
There are three types of
Art
Bangui's artisans' market has traditional wares representing the art products from different regions of the country. Handicrafts include woven mats and baskets, wooden utensils of simple design, carved stools, pottery, musical instruments, tanned skins, and wood products.[41] The balafon, similar to a xylophone, is made out of the horns of animals. Innovative designs include butterfly wings stuck with gum on paper, and ebony and hardwood carvings of wood from the tropical region. Artwork also covers carved animals and human figures.[41] The crafts center in Bangui provides training to about 100 students in artistic crafting in leather, ivory and ebony wares.[46]
Music
Bangui has a rich music tradition and showcases the country's music. Its musicians also perform in many countries abroad. The Bangui band groups were influenced by
Sports
The most popular sport is basketball. Bangui hosted the
Education
The French system of education is the norm and French is the language of teaching, although the Sango language is promoted in schools. A substantial percentage of the population is literate. Schooling is compulsory for children ages 6 to 14.[49]
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui, founded in 1969 by President Jean-Bédel Bokassa who named it after himself; it started functioning in 1970.[48][50][8] A public institution, the university provides non-agricultural education in the Central African Republic. Since 1981, the University Library has been in a separate building that houses its science, literature, and law collections.[51] The medical school of the university has its own library.[51]
The other educational institutions are the National School of Arts and the Central School of Agriculture, in addition to many religious and technical schools.[48]
A school in the eastern part of the city, Lycée Charles de Gaulle, was established by the French and is named after President of France Charles de Gaulle. Several notable Africans, including writers such as Calixthe Beyala, have studied in the city. Beyala studied at the Lycée des Rapides.[52]
Places of worship
Among the
Transport
Bangui is the transport hub of the Central African Republic. As of 1999, eight roads connected the city to other main towns in the country, Cameroon, Chad and South Sudan; of these, only the toll roads are paved. During the rainy season from March to November, some roads are impassable.[54][55] The road network in the city emanates from the Palace de la Republique.[56]
River
The first airstrip in Bangui was built between 1920 and 1925. Bangui M'Poko International Airport is located on 600 hectares (1,500 acres) of deforested land 7 kilometres (4+1⁄2 mi) off the Avenue of Martyrs to the north of the old town, between the Koudoukou Avenue and the University of Bangui.[59]
Healthcare
A general hospital is located in the eastern side of the city. Modern health care facilities exist only in Bangui but are poor, providing only minimal care. Wealthier citizens make use of private clinics.[48] The risk of catching HIV in the city is reportedly high, and many truck drivers stopping in the city for sexual services pose a major risk of spreading the disease to other parts of the country.[60] The risk of catching malaria in Bangui and pygmy camps is also much higher than in the rest of the country.[61]
A conference of public health officials including representatives of the
Media
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers are published in Bangui: E le Songo, the country's first newspaper, began publication in 1982. The other main newspapers are Le Novateur, Le Citoyen and L'Echo de Centrafrique.[41] Most of the country's institutions have offices in Bangui, including French ones such as Électricité de France (EDF).[64][65]
Radio stations operating in Bangui include Radio Centrafrique, Radio Nehemie, Radio Notre-Dame, Radio Voix de la paix, Radio Ndeke Luka, RFI, Radio Voik de la grace, Radio Linga FM, Africa no.1, and Tropic FM.[66] BBC World Service is the only English broadcasting station that is heard in the city on 90.2 FM, as all other local channels broadcast in either French and/or Sango. For reliable news, the channel of UN run Radio Ndeke Luka is on 100.8 FM.[56]
People
- Élie Doté, politician and prime minister[67]
- Eloge Enza Yamissi, football player[68]
- Manassé Enza-Yamissi, football player[69]
- André Kolingba, president[70]
- Anicet Lavodrama, basketball player[71]
- Joachim N'Dayen, archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangui[72]
- Nathalie Tauziat, French tennis player[73]
- Romain Sato, basketball player[74]
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Further reading
- Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava (1 November 2009). Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-58729-642-0.
- Raffaele, Paul (6 October 2009). Among the Cannibals. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-198327-6.
- Yapp, Peter (1983). The Traveller's Dictionary of Quotations: Who Said What, about Where. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-415-02760-1.