List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid
(Redirected from
Banning order
)This is a selection of people subject to a "banning order" by the
A banning order entailed restrictions on where the banned person could live and who they could have contact with, required that they report weekly to a police station, and proscribed them from travelling outside a specific
suppression orders and censorship
. The prohibition on attending meetings meant that the banned person could not be with more than one other person at a time. The banned person was forbidden all contact with other banned persons and was forbidden to engage in any political activity. The penalty for violating a banning order was up to five years in prison.
Some people subject to banning orders
Over 1600 people have been subjected to banning orders.[5] Prominent among these are:
- Eric Abraham: Banned for intended 5 years in 1976, fled to Botswana in 1977, granted political asylum in UK.
- John Aitchison: banned 1965–1970, 1971–1976.
- Phyllis Altman: Banned in 1964.[6]
- Jacqueline Arenstein: Banned in 1963, 1973 and 1978.[7]
- Farouk Asvat: banned 1973 to 1978:[1],[2],[3],[4];
- Mabel Balfour: Banned in 1963.[8]
- Saul Bastomsky: Banned in 1965, emigrated to UK, 1966 to Australia[9]
- Mary Benson: Banned in 1966.[10]
- Jean Bernadt: Banned 1959 to 1964.
- Hilda Bernstein: Banned 1953 and 1958.[11][12]
- Lionel Bernstein: Banned 1950 and 1953.[13]
- Steve Biko: Banned February 1973 to 1977 (killed in police custody).[14][15][16][17][18]
- Brian Brown: Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.[19]
- Peter Brown at South African History Online[20]
- Dennis Brutus: Banned for 5 years, October 1960.
- Yusuf Dadoo: Banned 1953 until exile and death in 1983.[23]
- Lionel Davis: Banned 1971 to 1976.
- Cosmas Desmond: Author of “The Discarded People” which exposed the sufferings of people who were forcibly moved from their homes.
- Patrick Duncan: Banned 1961, 1962; went into exile 1962
- Bettie du Toit: Banned in 1952.[24]
- Paula Ensor (member of NUSAS): Banned 27 February 1973 to 31 March 1978. Left for Botswana clandestinely in 1976.[25][21][26][22]
- Vic Finkelstein: Banned for five years in 1967 and emigrated to the UK in 1968.[27]
- Ruth First: Banned 1960 to 1982 (killed in exile by police letter bomb).
- Ela Gandhi: Banned in 1975.
- Alcott 'Skei' Gwentshe: Banned November 1952; sentenced to 9 years in prison for violating the banning order, 26 March 1953.
- Bertha Gxowa: Banned in 1960.[28]
- Adelaine Hain: Banned in 1963.[29]
- Viola Hashe: Banned in 1963 until her death in 1977.[30]
- Ruth Hayman: Banned from 1966 to 1981 (died in exile).
- Sedick Isaacs: Banned from 1977 to 1984.[31][32]
- Helen Joseph: Banned four times, starting in 1957.
- Ronnie Kasrils: Banned 1962 to 1990.
- Clive Keegan (ex-vice-president of NUSAS): Banned 27 February 1973 for five years; left for Botswana clandestinely in 1976.[21][22]
- Bennie Khoapa: Banned 1973 to 1978; went into exile 1978.[33]
- Theo Kotze:[19] Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.
- Sheila Barsel Lapinsky (general secretary of NUSAS): Banned 27 February 1973 to 31 March 1978. The only one of the group of NUSAS members banned on that date to serve her time in the country.[34][21][22]
- Philippe Le Roux (NUSAS member): Banned 27 February 1973 for five years. Left the country on an exit permit.[21][22]
- Norman Levy: Banned in 1964, left for UK in 1968.[35]
- Petrus Willem Letlalo (founding member of the
- Albert Lutuli: Banned 1952 to 1967.
- Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
- Elizabeth Mafekeng: Banned in 1959.[38]
- Mac Maharaj: Banned on release from prison in 1976; went into exile in 1977.[39]
- Trevor Manuel: Banned 1985 to 1986, banned again 1988.
- Todd Matshikiza[40]
- Joe Matthews: Banned in 1953 (went into exile in 1960).[41]
- Cedric Mayson:[19] Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.
- Fatima Meer: Banned in 1952.
- Florence Mkhize: Banned in 1952.
- Mary Moodley: Banned in 1963.[42]
- Kay Moonsamy: Banned in 1963.
- Josie Mpama: Banned in 1955.[43]
- H. Selby Msimang: Banned in 1967.[44]
- Shulamith Muller: Banned in 1962; went into exile in 1962 (died in exile in 1978).[45]
- Beyers Naudé: Banned 1977 to 1984.
- Rita Ndzanga: Banned in 1964.[46]
- J. B. Marks: Banned 1950 to 1972 (died in exile).
- Barney Pityana
- Paul Pretorius (NUSAS president):[21] Banned from 27 February 1973 for five years, but his restrictions were lifted in 1976.[22]
- Mamphela Ramphele: Banned 1977 to 1984.
- Peter Ralph Randall: Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.
- Robert Resha:[47] Banned 1961 (died in exile in 1973).[48]
- Ian Robertson (NUSAS president): Banned 1966 to 1971.[49][50]
- Marius Schoon: Banned 1976 to 1990.
- Jeanette Schoon (née Curtis), former member of the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU), wife of Marius Schoon and sister of Neville Curtis: Banned 1976 for five years.[51] Murdered in exile in Angola by a letter bomb delivered by Craig Williamson, a spy for the security police, along with her six-year-old daughter.[52]
- Dulcie September: Banned 1969 to 1973 (assassinated outside the ANC's Paris office in 1988).
- Annie Silinga
- Walter Sisulu: Banned 1955 to 1990.
- Robert Sobukwe: Banned 1969 to 1978.
- Barry Streek, withdrawn shortly after banning.[53]
- Oliver Tambo: Banned 1959 to 1990.
- Rick Turner: Banned 27 February 1973, murdered 1978.[22]
- Chris Wood: Banned 27 February 1973 (left for Botswana clandestinely in 1976).[21][22]
- Dorothy Williams: Banned 1964 to 1969.[54]
- Donald Woods: Banned 1977 to 1990 (fled South Africa on New Year's Eve 1977).
See also
References
- ^ Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, at South African History Online
- ^ a b Number of banned persons in South Africa totals 936, at South African History Online
- ^ Suppression of Communism, Act no. 44 of 1950, full text PDF
- ^ South Africa profile - Timeline - BBC News
- ^ "South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid".
- ^ Herbstein, Denis (24 September 1999). "Phyllis Altman". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ "Jacqueline (Jackie) Arenstein". South African History Online. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ISBN 9780852550779.
- ^ Who was on the apartheid police spy list? | IOL
- ^ David Clover (16 December 2013). "No Easy Walk to Freedom: Nelson Mandela in the Archives". Senate House Library. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016., p. 49
- ^ Hilda Bernstein, author, fighter for women's rights, Luthuli award winner - Profile
- ^ Hilda Bernstein obituary, The Independent (UK)
- ^ Treason trial to Rivonia - Rusty (Lionel) Bernstein
- ^ Steve Biko: Five facts you didn’t know about the anti-apartheid activist, at The Independent (UK)
- ISBN 0-8050-1899-9.
- ISBN 978-1-78076-785-7.
- S2CID 143822840.
- ISBN 978-0816676361.
- ^ a b c Cited in article on Peter Ralph Randall
- ^ Peter Brown obituary, at The Independent (UK)
- ^ a b c d e f g "Banning orders served on NUSAS leaders". www.sahistory.org.za. 16 March 2011.
- ^ ISBN 9781868884063. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ^ "The Freedom Charter is adopted in Kliptown: Sunday, 26 June 1955". South African History Online. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- ^ "Bettie du Toit". South African History Online. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Paula Ensor, at South African History Online
- ^ Paul Ensor at Tshisimani Centre for Activist Education
- ^ Sutherland, Allan (16 December 2011). "Vic Finkelstein: Academic anddisability activist". The Independent. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "ANC Veteran, Bertha Gxowa, Dies". SA News. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "Anti-apartheid activist Adelaine Hain dies aged 92". IOL News. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "Viola Hashe". South African History Online. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ "My heart goes through leaps and bounds". www.ihrc.org.uk. 19 October 2012.
- ^ "Sedick Isaacs". www.sahistory.org.za. 20 March 2012.
- ^ "Bennie Khoapa Khoapa". www.sahistory.org.za. 23 March 2012.
- ^ Sheila Lapinsky nee Barsel, at South African History Online
- ^ Testard, Jacques (August 2013). "Interview with Deborah Levy". The White Review. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "South African Dept. of Justice list of banned persons" (PDF).
- ^ "1969 UN List of Opponents to Apartheid Subjected to Banning Orders in South Africa" (PDF).
- ^ "Food and Allied Workers Union". www.fawu.org.za.
- ^ "TRC testimony of Mac Maharaj". www.justice.gov.za. 2 November 1998. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ISBN 1868281337– via Internet Archive.
- ^ Vincent Joseph Gaobakwe Matthews | South African History Online
- ISBN 978-0796919663.
- OCLC 1155989728.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ https://paton.ukzn.ac.za/?mdocs-file=1659
- ^ "Shulamith Muller". South African History Online. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
- ^ Luckhardt; Wall. "Organize... or Starve! - The History of the SACTU". South African Congress of Trade Unions. South African History Online. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ Meredith, Martin (1999). Nelson Mandela: A Biography. United States: Public Affairs Books.
- ^ Robert M. Resha | South African History Online
- ^ "NUSAS President Ian Robertson is banned". South African History Online.
- ^ "Kennedy and South Africa". The Harvard Crimson.
- ^ "Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis)". South African History Online. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ^ "Jeannette Schoon and her daughter are killed by a letter bomb". www.sahistory.org.za. 16 March 2011.
- CODESRIA). Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2005.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Further reading
- People banned under apartheid (at South African History Online)