Banu Hilal
Banu Hilal بنو هلال | |
---|---|
Qaysi Arab tribe | |
Ethnicity | Arab |
Nisba | al-Hilālī |
Location | Najd (origin), Maghreb, Egypt |
Descended from | Hilal bin 'Amir bin Sa'sa bin Mu'awiya bin Bakr bin Hawazin |
Parent tribe | Banu 'Amir |
Population | 4,000,000 (1573)[1] |
Branches | |
Language | Arabic |
Religion | Shia Islam (originally)[2] Sunni Islam (later)[3] |
The Banu Hilal (
Historians estimate the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century to be to 500,000[4] to 700,000[5] to 1,000,000.[6] Historian Mármol Carvajal estimated that more than a million Hilalians migrated to the Maghreb between 1051-1110, and estimated that the Hilalian population in the Maghreb at his time in 1573 was at 4,000,000 individuals, excluding other Arab tribes and other Arabs already present.[1]
Origin
The Banu Hilal originated in Najd in the central Arabian Peninsula,[7] sometimes travelling towards Iraq in search of pastures and oases.[8] According to Arab genealogists, the Banu Hilal were a sub-tribe of the Mudar tribal confederation, specifically of the Amir ibn Sa'sa'a, and their progenitor was Hilal. According to traditional Arab sources, their full genealogy was the following: Hilāl ibn ʿĀmir ibn Ṣaʿṣaʿa ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawāzin ibn Manṣūr ibn ʿIkrima ibn K̲h̲aṣafa ibn Qays ibn ʿAylān ibn Muḍar ibn Nizār ibn Ma'ad ibn ʿAdnān.[3] The Banu Hilal were very numerous, effectively a nation divided into its own sub-tribes, of which the most notable were the Athbaj, Riyah, Jusham, Zughba, Adi, and Qurra.[9]
Ibn Khaldun described their genealogy, which consisted of two mother tribes: themselves and the Banu Sulaym. In Arabia, they lived on the Ghazwan near Ta'if while the Banu Sulaym attended nearby Medina, sharing a common cousin in the Al Yas branch of the Quraysh. At the time of their migration, Banu Hilal comprised six sub-tribes: Athbadj, Riyah, Jusham, Adi, Zughba, and Rabi'a.[10]
History
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Its original habitat, like that of its related tribes, was the
Migration to Egypt, Iraq and the Levant
The tribe does not appear to have played any significant role in the early Muslim conquests, and for the most part remained in the Nejd.[3] Only in the early 8th century did some of the Banu Hilal (and the Banu Sulaym) move to Egypt. Many followed, so that the two groups became numerous in Egypt.[3] During the Abbasid Caliphate, the Hilal were known for their unruliness.[3] In the 9th century, Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym migrated from Najd to Iraq, and later to the Levant, before migrating to the Maghreb in the 11th century.[11]
In the 970s, the Hilal and the Sulaym joined the radical sect of the
Migration to the Maghreb
The Banu Hilal first began migrating to the Maghreb when the Zirid dynasty of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched large Bedouin Arab tribes, mainly the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed a nomadic lifestyle and were originally from the Hejaz and Najd.[13] To persuade the Bedouin into migrating to the Maghreb, the Fatimid caliph gave each tribesman a camel and money and helped them cross from the east to the west bank of the Nile River. The severe drought in Egypt at the time also persuaded these tribes to migrate to the Maghreb, which had a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph instructed them to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir Al-Mu'izz and told them "I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing." and told Al-Mu'izz "I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted".[14]
Upon arriving in
Their influx was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural and ethnic Arabization of the Maghreb and in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.[17] They had also heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.[13] It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.[18]
Historians estimate the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century to be 250,000[19] (only the first few decades) to 700,000[5] to 1,000,000[6] when the entire population of the Maghreb at the time was 5,000,000.[20] Historian Mármol Carvajal estimated that more than a million Hilalians migrated to the Maghreb between 1051-1110, and estimated that the Hilalian population at his time in 1573 at 4,000,000 individuals, excluding other Arab tribes and other Arabs already present.[1]
The Banu Hilal later came under the rule of various subsequent dynasties, including the
Social organization
Originally, the Banu Hilal embraced a nomadic lifestyle, rearing cattle and sheep. Despite several tribes living in arid and desert areas, they became experts in the field of agriculture. The Banu Hilal were conservative and patriarchal, and were tolerant Shi'ites.[23] They were initially Isma'ili Shia, but after their conquest of the Sunni Maghreb, the vast majority of Banu Hilal progressively adopted the Maliki school of Sunni Islam, following the Malikization of the Maghreb in the twelfth century and later centuries.[23][24]
Taghribat Banu Hilal
The accounts and records that the folk poet Abdul Rahman al-Abnudi gathered from the bards of Upper Egypt culminated in the
-
Egyptian engraving
Abu Zeyd beheads Hijazi bin Rafa -
Egyptian engraving
Dhiab bin Ghanim against Al Muiz bin Badis
References
- ^ a b c Leroux, E. (1886). Revue d'ethnographie (in French). p. 330.
Marmol évalue à plus d'un million le nombre d'individus que le premier flot versa en Afrique. Vers la fin du xv siècle, le nombre des Arabes répartis sur toute la surface du Maghreb s'élevait à plus de quatre millions, et l'empire du Maroc en contenait à lui seul deux fois autant que les trois autres états (Alger, Tunis et Tripoli). == Marmol estimates the number of individuals that the first flood poured into Africa at more than a million. Towards the end of the 15th century, the number of Arabs spread over the entire surface of the Maghreb amounted to more than four million, and the empire of Morocco alone contained twice as many as the three other states (Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli).
- ISBN 978-1-62273-410-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Idris 1971, p. 385.
- ^ "revue tunisienne". ImgBB. Institut de Carthage. p. 314. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8108-7876-1.
- ^ a b c Idris El Hareir, Ravane Mbaye. The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. p. 409.
- ISBN 978-0-300-18489-1.
- ^ Adminapprendrelarabe (2020-10-26). "DIALECTES ARABES : ORIGINE, EVOLUTIONS, DIVERSITE ET RICHESSES". Apprendre l'arabe avec DILAP (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ Baadj 2015, pp. 24–25.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-5418-5.
- ISBN 978-1-78284-763-2.
- ^ a b Baadj 2015, p. 24.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
- ^ a b Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. The University. p. 16.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Decret, François (September 2003). "Les invasions hilaliennes en Ifrîqiya". www.clio.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ The Great Mosque of Tlemcen, MuslimHeritage.com
- ^ Populations Crises and Population Cycles Archived May 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Claire Russell and W. M. S. Russell
- ISBN 978-1-137-52481-2.
- ISBN 978-90-04-09896-1.
- .
- ^ Coulet, Louise (1967). "J. le Coz, Les tribus Guichs au Maroc. Essai de Géographie agraire. Extrait de la revue de Géographie du Maroc". Méditerranée. 8 (3): 256–258.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-62273-410-8.
- ISBN 978-1-5275-6284-4.
- ^ Musique et spectacle: Le théâtre lyrique arabe - Esquisse d'un itinéraire... Par Mohamed Garfi, p. 38.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33311-8.
Sources
- Baadj, Amar S. (2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries). Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29620-6.
- Idris, H. R. (1971). "Hilāl". In OCLC 495469525.
- Schleifer, J. (1971). "Hilāl – The Saga of the Banū Hilāl". In OCLC 495469525.
- Schuster, Georg (2006). Die Beduinen in der Vorgeschichte Tunesiens. Die "Invasion" der Banū Hilāl und ihre Folgen (in German). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz. ISBN 3-87997-330-X.