Banu Tujib
Historical Arab states and dynasties |
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Banū Tujib | |
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Kindite Arab tribe | |
Nisba | al-Tajibi |
Descended from | Tujib ibn Shabib ibn Sakun ibn Ashras ibn Thawr |
Parent tribe | Banū Shabib |
Religion | Islam (630s and after) |
The Banu Tujib (
Family origin
The historian
Tenth century
Zaragoza
Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman
The accession of emir
Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman established what was, in effect, an autonomous hereditary protectorate.
The elder Muhammad al-Tujibi, who would be known to history as Muhammad al-Anqar or al-Aʿwar ('the one-eyed')[11] died in January 925.[16] His son Hashim ibn Muhammad was allowed to succeed him, but faced a revolt by his Tujibid kinsmen of Calatayud and Daroca, who besieged some of his castles. Hashim attacked and dispersed them, ending their hostilities. He died five years later, in October 930.[17] It is presumably from him that the Zaragoza branch of the Banu Tujib came to be called the Banu Hashim.
Muhammad ibn Hashim
In 934 ʿAbd al-Rahman III began a campaign in the north against
Following his defeat in 937, Muhammad ibn Hashim was forced to temporarily surrender Zaragoza to the caliph and reside in Cordoba, but was then allowed to return to the governorship, while being prohibited to negotiate independently with the Christian states, and required to pay tribute and to participate in the caliph's campaigns. Thus, in 939 the combined Umayyad and Tujibid armies met Ramiro in the
Late Umayyad Caliphate
The leadership of the Banu Hashim branch of the Tujibies becomes confused after Muhammad, the sources being contradictory and apparently confused.[29] Yahya al-Zuqaytar ibn Muhammad al-Tujibi was apparently still governing Zaragoza during the reign of caliph Al-Hakam II. Al-Andalus chroniclers report that in 975, a governor of Zaragoza accompanied a campaign against Castile, but while some call the leader Yahya, others name him as ʿAbd al-Rahman, the name of Yahya's brother and successor. Yahya also took part in the campaign against Africa at this time, returning to Zaragoza before his death.[29] About this time, the governor of Lérida and Monzón, Rashiq al-Barghawati, was ordered to turn over his charges to Hashim ibn Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujubi,[25] younger brother of Yahya and ʿAbd al-Rahman.[10]
After Almanzor had consolidated his power in 983, he formed an alliance with the Tujibies of Zaragoza to be his military support. However, in 989 one of Almanzor's sons conspired with the Tujibies against his father, and the Tujibid leader, ʿAbd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad,[a] joined a pact that would see the family control the marches of the Caliphate, but Almanzor learned of the plot and executed Abd ar-Rahman al-Tujibi as well as his own son.[30] ʿAbd al-Rahman's own eldest son, al-Hakam, is also said by Ibn Hazm to have been killed, though it is unclear if this happened at the same time.[10] To mollify the Tujibies, Almanzor soon replaced the executed rebel with his nephew, ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Yahya al-Tujibi,[31] but there is no further mention of the family during the chaos of the collapsing Umayyad caliphate.[32] When they next appear, early in the following century, control of Zaragoza had passed to a different branch of the family.
Calatayud
In the late 9th century, Al-Mundhir, son of ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, succeeded his father in Calatayud. He became embroiled in a private conflict with Mutarrif ibn Dhi-l-Nun, which resulted in a series of battles, and in one of these in May 921 he was killed,[33] and ʿAbd al-Rahman III named al-Mundhir's son, ʿAbd al-Rahman, to succeed him as governor of Calatayud. ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mundhir continued his father's private war with the Banu Dhi-l-Nun, but later he and his brother Mutarrif were captured by Sancho I of Pamplona. ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mundhir arranged for Sancho to release Mutarrif so he could collect the ransom for both of them, but when Mutarrif reached Calatayud, he betrayed ʿAbd al-Rahman and installed himself in the city and was appointed its governor in 930. When ʿAbd al-Rahman finally ransomed himself, he resettled in Samaliq with the acquiescence of the caliph.[34]
Al-Mundhir accompanied his cousin Muhammad ibn Hashim and the Banu Shabrit to Córdoba in 931 to swear fealty to the caliph, Whose campaigns he joined, including his 933/4 attack on Zaragoza, but he fell out with the caliph's general and was named a rebel, forcing him into alliance with his cousin Muhammad ibn Hashim and with his family's old enemies, the Banu Dhi-l-Nun. Caliph ʿAbd al-Rahman III arranged for Christian mercenaries from Alava to attack the city in 937, and Mutarrif was killed the same day the city fell, 29 June 937, and control of Calatayud was given to others.[b][35] However, al-Hakam ibn al-Mundhir, a brother of Mutarrif, had remained loyal to the caliph and fought a private war with his brother until the latter's death. After accompanying the campaign against Ramiro II, he was made governor of Calatayud in 940 and continued to rule it until his death in February 950, at the age of 49.[36] He was succeeded by his son al-ʿAsi ibn al-Hakam, who governed Calatayud until his death in 972, when his sons Hakam, Ahmad, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz and Lubb went to Córdoba to petition to succeed him.[37]
The next few years are obscure, but in 975 the caliph confiscated all of the Banu Tujib lands, in Zaragoza, Calatayud, Lérida and Tudela. He appears to have given Calatayud to Hisham, brother of al-ʿAsi. Ibn Hazm reports that Hashim was in charge of Calatayud when he submitted to Ghalib ibn Abd al-Rahman, whose enemy Almanzor then attacked and killed Hisham.[37] This probably corresponds to Almanzor's 981 campaign against Calatayud.[38] In Hisham's place as leader of Calatayud, Almanzor installed another brother, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz of Daroca, who had been allied with Almanzor against his brother.[c][37][38] He was dead by 997, when the brother of governor al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz of Calatayud was killed in an attack from Pamplona.[38] As Abu al-ʿAsi al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, this man was holding Tudela when he died in 1005/6, his kunya naming his son as an al-ʿAsi. His properties were divided between his brother Hisham ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, lord of Daroca, and their distant cousin al-Mundhir ibn Yahya al-Tujibi.[39] By the 1040s, the Tujubies had been removed from control of Calatayud, and the first Banu Hud ruler of the Zaragoza taifa gave it to his son, Muhammad.[40]
Daroca
ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, son of the late-ninth-century ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, had been granted Daroca, and was killed in battle against Ahmad ibn al-Barraʼ during his father's lifetime. He was succeeded by his son, Yunis ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz. He would be a close ally of his uncle al-Mundhir al-Tujibi of Calatayud.[9] In 937, as part of the Caliphate's campaign against Tubijid Zaragoza, Daroca was attacked and Yunis killed. His children fled to Zaragoza, where little is known about them or their descendants until the early 1000s, when a great-great-grandson of Yunis, al-Mundhir ibn Yahya, who early in his life had served as a simple soldier, was appointed to be governor of Zaragoza and made himself ruler of an independent taifa state.
After dispossessing Yusuf, and taking Zaragoza, the caliph gave Daroca to his first-cousin, al-Hakam ibn al-Mundhir al-Tujibi, formally naming him governor in 940.[41] Daroca was probably then, like Calatayud, governed by al-ʿAsi ibn al-Hakam, and it was taken from the family in 975, but was immediately restored to al-ʿAsi's brother, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, who had been allied with Almanzor against his brother. He rebuilt the castle. In the time of taifa king Al-Mustaʿin I (1039-1046), Daroca was ruled by Hisham ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz.[42] He, in turn, was followed by his son, another ʿAbd al-ʿAziz.[37]
Others
There are other Tujibies seen in the historical record who belong to more distant branches of the family, or who cannot be definitively placed. A disciple of scholar Muhammad ibn Waddah ibn Bazi al-Qurtubi was Abu ʿUthman Saʿid ibn ʿUthman ibn Muhammad ibn Malik ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Tujibi, who died in 917.[43] His great-great-grandfather, ʿAbd Allah, is apparently the ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Muhajir who first came to Iberia in the 710s. A Muhammad ibn Fath al-Tujibi was reported killed at Barbastro in 929,[25] and Ibn Hayyan names numerous family members,[44] some of whom are not found in the genealogy of the family by Ibn Hazm.[45] In 975, the governor of Lérida captured a rebel, Abu-l-Ahwas Maʿn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, who for the previous six years had taken refuge at Castillonroy under the protection of either the Count of Ribagorza or of Pallars, and sent him to Córdoba.[46] He must have reached an accommodation with Almanzor, because in 981 he co-commanded one wing of the army at the Battle of Torrevicente, and he was made governor of Zamora after it was taken from León in 999.[47]
Taifa of Zaragoza
In 1005/6, al-Mundhir ibn Yahya, a Tujibid of the branch of Yusuf ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz of Daroca, was named as governor of Tudela on the death of 'Abu al-ʿAsi al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz.[37][48] His early life is obscure, other than that he had been a simple soldier.[49] He is said to have been appointed governor of the Upper March by Hisham II, probably late in his first reign, which ended in 1009. He had friendly relations with Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, who would march troops through Zaragoza on their way to help restore Hisham II in 1010.[50] When in 1016, the Berber Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir killed Sulayman ibn al-Hakam and had himself elected caliph in place of the ruling Umayyad dynasty, al-Mundhir at first maintained an ambiguous standing with the new ruler. However, he soon began to plot Ali's removal in favor of an Umayyad scion, ʿAbd al-Rahman IV. Ali was assassinated in 1018, and allies of ʿAbd al-Rahman IV fought those of Ali's brother, Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun in a battle won by the latter.[50] Al-Mundhir then returned to Zaragoza, and declared independence, establishing the Taifa of Zaragoza,[51] which he ruled as emir until his death in 1023/4.[52]
Al-Mundhir (I) was succeeded by his son
In 1039, al-Mundhir II's premier qadi, Abu al-Muhammad ʿ
Taifa of Almería
Another son of the late-9th-century family patriarch ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, named Sumadih, would give rise to a branch of the family known as the Banu Sumadih. A member of this line, Abu Yahya Muhammad ibn Ahmad, had served as governor of Huesca under Almanzor, but early in the next century found himself at odds with his distant kinsman, al-Mundhir I, who attacked him and Muhammad and his family were forced to flee.[57] They took refuge in the Taifa of Valencia, where he was welcomed by ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Amir, Almanzor's grandson. His sons Maʿn and Abu al-ʿUtbi married the daughters of ʿAbd al-ʿAziz,[57] and when the latter added Almería to his taifa in 1038, he made Maʿn ibn Muhammad its governor, exercising both civil and military control. In 1042, however, Maʿn forswore allegiance to Valencia and made Almería an independent taifa that he ruled until his death in 1052.[58][59]
Maʿn was succeeded by his fourteen-year-old son Muhammad ibn Maʿn ibn Sumadih, called al-Muʿtasim, and later known by the kunya Abu Yahya. He initially ruled under the regency of his uncle Abu ʿUtba al-Sumadih. His 41-year tenure was marked by frequent warfare with neighboring taifas, but he was also a noted poet. He married the daughter of Ali ibn Muyahid of Denia and had four children, all themselves poets, sons Ahmad Muʿizz al-Dawla, Rafi-l-Dawla, and Abu Jaʿfar Ahmad, and daughter
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Notes
- ^ There is contradictory information about the Tujibid who plotted against Almanzor, with one source calling him ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mutarrif and the other ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad. Lévi-Provençal and Dozy both followed the first, but there is no al-Mutarrif in the Banu Tujib pedigree at this time, while there is an ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad in this generation, brother of his predecessor Yahya.[10][29]
- ^ Ibn Hazm reports this fate for a different son, Suleyman, and does not give al-Mundhir a son named Mutarrif. It is unclear if there were two sons, both killed by ʿAbd al-Rahman, or if Ibn Hazm mistakenly assigned the wrong name to Mutarrif.
- ^ Ibn Hazm describes this son of al-Hakam under the name of ʿAbd Allah when reciting his alliance with Almanzor, but then when giving a list of his children calls him ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, the name given him in other records.
References
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 17.
- ^ Middleton 2015, p. 925.
- ^ Phillips & Phillips 2010, p. 64.
- ^ McKitterick & Abulafia 2004, p. 157.
- ^ Terés 1957, pp. 356–357.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 507–508.
- ^ Cañada Juste 1980, pp. 7–9.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 487.
- ^ a b Granja 1967, p. 503.
- ^ a b c d Terés 1957, p. 357.
- ^ a b c Turk & 1972-1973, p. 21.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 487–488.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 498.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 488–489.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 490–491.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 489.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 490.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 492–492.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 25.
- ^ Collins 2014, p. 147.
- ^ Collins 2014, pp. 171–172.
- ^ a b Collins 2014, pp. 146–147.
- ^ a b Granja 1967, p. 495.
- ^ Collins 2014, pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b c Sénac 2000, p. 104.
- ^ a b Granja 1967, pp. 496–497.
- ^ Collins 2014, pp. 150–151.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 496.
- ^ a b c Turk & 1972-1973, p. 28.
- ^ Collins 2014, p. 188.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 36.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 39.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 499–500.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 500–1.
- ^ Granja 1967, pp. 502–503.
- ^ a b c d e f Terés 1957, p. 358.
- ^ a b c Souto 1989, p. 684.
- ^ Viguera 1991, p. 135.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 69.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 502.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 504.
- ^ Fierro 1988, p. 55.
- ^ Viguera & Corrient 1981, p. 414.
- ^ Terés 1957, pp. 356–359.
- ^ Vela Aulesa 2019, p. 123.
- ^ Maíllo Salgado 1991, p. 91.
- ^ Granja 1967, p. 507.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 44.
- ^ a b Turk & 1972-1973, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 45.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 49.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, pp. 49–50.
- ^ a b Turk & 1972-1973, p. 52.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, p. 53.
- ^ Turk & 1972-1973, pp. 53–57.
- ^ a b Slane 1845, p. 204.
- ^ Slane 1845, p. 205.
- ^ Lévi-Provençal 1987, p. 344-345.
Sources
- Cañada Juste, Alberto (1980). "Los Banu Qasi (714-924)". Príncipe de Viana (in Spanish) (41): 5–95. ISSN 0032-8472.
- Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796-1031 (Paperback ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
- Fierro, María Isabel (1988). Kitab al-Bidaʿ (Tratado contra las Innovaciones) (in Spanish). Madrid.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Granja, Fernando de la (1967). "La Marca Superior en la Obra de al-ʿUdrí". Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragon (in Spanish). 8: 457–545.
- Lévi-Provençal, E. (1987). "Maʿn b. Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Sumadih al-Tudjibi, Abu ʾl-Ahwas". In Bosworth, C. E.; Donzel, E. van; Lewis, B.; Pallat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition. Vol. VI. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 344–345.
- Maíllo Salgado, Felipe (1991). "Zamora en las fuentes árabes". Primer Congreso de Historia de Zamora (in Spanish). Vol. 3. pp. 87–92.
- McKitterick, Rosamond; Abulafia, David (2004). Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Part II. c. 1024-c. 1198. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
- Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-45157-0.
- Phillips, William D. Jr; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1 July 2010). A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60721-6.
- Sénac, Philippe (2000). La frontière et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe siècle: le peuplement musulman au nord de l'Èbre et les débuts de la reconquête aragonaise (in French). Maisonneuve et Larosse.
- Slane, Mac Guckin de (1845). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 3. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Souto, Juan A. (1989). "Sobre la génesis de la Calatayud islámica". Aragón en la Edad Media (in Spanish) (8): 675–696. ISSN 0213-2486.
- Terés, Elías (1957). "Linajes árabes en al-Andalus según la "Ŷamhara" de Ibn Ḥazm". Al-Andalus (in Spanish). 22: 55–112, 337–376.
- Turk, Afif (1972–1973). "El Reino de Zaragoza en el siglo XI de Cristo (V de Hégira)". Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid (in Spanish). 17: 7–116.
- Vela Aulesa, Carles (2019). "L'Àndalus en la política de Barcelona i la Corona d'Aragó (segle XI-1213)". Tractats i negociacions diplomàtiques de Catalunya i de la Corona catalanoaragonesa a l'edat mitjana (in Catalan). Vol. I.2. Barcelona. pp. 117–180.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Viguera, María Jesús; Corrient, Federico (1981). Crónica del Califa ʿAbdarraḥmān III an-Nāṣir Entre los Años 912 y 942 (Al-Muqtabis V) (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura.
- Viguera, María Jesús (1991). "Los ʿAmiríes y la Marca Superior. Peculiaridades de una actuación singular". In Sénac, Philippe (ed.). La Marche supérieure d'al-Andalus et l'Occident chrétien (in Spanish). pp. 131–140.