Barbaridactylus

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Barbaridactylus
Temporal range:
Ma
↓
Holotype
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Pterosauria
Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea
Clade: †
Aponyctosauria
Family: †Nyctosauridae
Genus: †Barbaridactylus
Longrich, Martill, & Andres, 2018
Type species
†Barbaridactylus grandis
Longrich, Martill, & Andres, 2018
Synonyms[1]

Barbaridactylus is a nyctosaurid pterosaur from the Ouled Abdoun Basin of Morocco, a basin that dates back to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous. It was published in 2018 by paleontologists Nicholas R. Longrich, David M. Martill, and Brian Andres. In the same publication, two other pterosaurs from the same basin were described: Alcione and Simurghia.[2] The type and only species is B. grandis.

Discovery and naming

All known specimens of Barbaridactylus were uncovered in a 3-year dig that unearthed about 200 pterosaur specimens. Its type specimen is FSAC-OB 232, which consists of its right femur, left radius, ulna, humerus, and scapulocoracoid, and partial mandible. Four other specimens have been referred to Barbaridactylus, FSAC-OB 8, 9, 10, and 11. They are all humeri.[2]

Barbaridactylus is named after the Barbary Coast of North Africa, and the Greek dactylus (Greek: δάκτυλος)[3] meaning "finger."[2] Its specific name, grandis, means "great" in Latin.[2]

Description

Size of Barbaridactylus (top, third highest) compared to other pterosaurs, birds, and a human

Barbaridactylus is a large nyctosaurid, with a humerus length of 22.5 cm (8.9 in), wingspan of approximately 4 m (13 ft) and a body mass of 4 kg (8.8 lb), making it one of the largest nyctosaurids.

pteranodontids. The scapulocoracoid is fused, meaning that the animal was probably an adult. It is boomerang shaped, and the two bones (the scapula and coracoid) form a 60 degree angle. The humeral shaft is long and thin. The hatchet-shaped deltopectoral crest (a distinctive feature of nyctosaurids) is in a notably distal location in relation to the humeral head, more similar to that of Nyctosaurus than Alcione. This crest is short and broad, and the expanded tip is weakly developed, which are basal features. The deltopectoral crest appears warped from an anterior view, more so than in other nyctosaurids, but much less than in pteranodontids. There is a pneumatic fossa located on the ventral surface of each humeral head that is unique to this species. The ulna is relatively gracile, unlike the robust ulna of Alcione, and its ends are weakly expanded. The diameter radius is approximately two thirds that of the ulna. The femur of Barbaridactylus is relatively typical for a nyctosaurid, although it lacks the strong distal expansion present in other nyctosaurids. Instead, it expands more gently, similar to that of Pteranodon.[2]

Classification

Assigned right humerus

Below is a

phylogenetic analysis first presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014, and updated with additional data by Longrich and colleagues in 2018. In this analysis, they found Barbaridactylus to be the sister taxon of the Nyctosaurus species N. lamegoi, both placed within the family Nyctosauridae.[5][2]

Ornithocheiroidea

Azhdarchoidea

Piksi barbarulna

 Pteranodontoidea 

Ornithocheiromorpha

 Pteranodontia 
Pteranodontidae

Pteranodon sternbergi

Pteranodon longiceps

Tethydraco regalis

Nyctosauridae

Alamodactylus byrdi

Volgadraco bogolubovi

Cretornis hlavaci

Alcione elainus

Simurghia robusta

Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis

Barbaridactylus grandis

Nyctosaurus lamegoi

Nyctosaurus nanus

Nyctosaurus gracilis

As part of a 2022 monograph on Quetzalcoatlus, Brian Andres suggested that Barbaridactylus may represent an additional species of Nyctosaurus.[1]

Pteranodontia

Pteranodon longiceps

Pteranodon sternbergi (

Geosternbergia
)

Ornithostoma

Volgadraco

Tethydraco

Nyctosauromorpha

Alamodactylus

Cretornis

Nyctosauridae

Muzquizopteryx

Nyctosaurus grandis (Barbaridactylus)

Nyctosaurus lamegoi

Nyctosaurus nanus

Nyctosaurus gracilis

Paleoecology

Locality and stratigraphy of the discovery site of Barbaridactylus.

Barbaridactylus was discovered in upper Maastrichtian phosphates located in the Ouled Abdoun Basin of Northern Morocco. This geological formation does not belong to a formation. It is divided into couches, with Barbaridactylus being discovered in Couche III. This layer dates back to the latest Maastrichtian, about 1 million years before the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous. Couche III represents the most diverse marine ecosystem known from the time.[2]

A large variety of marine life is known from the region, including sharks and bony fish, in addition to turtles,

Phosphatodraco mauritanicus. However, in addition to Barbaridactylus, more recent studies have revealed at least five more pterosaur species from this location, including Alcione, Simurghia and Tethydraco.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ Paul's estimate of the wingspan and body mass is actually written for Alcione in his book, based on his assumption that Barbaridactylus represents the adult stage of Alcione.[4] However, the 2018 study directly refutes this claim based on the hatchet-shaped deltopectoral crest different from Alcione; the wingspan of approximately 4 m (13 ft) is noted in the supplement of this study which concurs with Paul's estimate.[2]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 245078533
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 29534059
    .
  3. ^ Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  4. ^
    S2CID 249332375
    .
  5. PMID 24768054
    .
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