Baron Munchausen
It has been suggested that Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2024. |
Baron Munchausen | |
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First appearance | Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia (1785) |
Created by | Rudolf Erich Raspe |
Portrayed by |
|
Voiced by |
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Based on | Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Münchhausen (1720–1797) |
In-universe information | |
Nickname | Lügenbaron ("Baron of Lies") |
Title | Baron |
Nationality | German |
Baron Munchausen (
Born in Bodenwerder, Hanover, the real-life Münchhausen fought for the Russian Empire during the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739. After retiring in 1760, he became a minor celebrity within German aristocratic circles for telling outrageous tall tales based on his military career. After hearing some of Münchhausen's stories, Raspe adapted them anonymously into literary form, first in German as ephemeral magazine pieces and then in English as the 1785 book, which was first published in Oxford by a bookseller named Smith. The book was soon translated into other European languages, including a German version expanded by the poet Gottfried August Bürger. The real-life Münchhausen was deeply upset at the development of a fictional character bearing his name, and threatened legal proceedings against the book's publisher. Perhaps fearing a libel suit, Raspe never acknowledged his authorship of the work, which was only established posthumously.
The fictional Baron's exploits,
Versions of the fictional Baron have appeared on stage, screen, radio, and television, as well as in other literary works. Though the Baron Munchausen stories are no longer well known in many English-speaking countries, they are still popular in continental Europe. The character has inspired numerous memorials and museums, and several medical conditions and other concepts are named after him.
Historical figure
Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Münchhausen was born on 11 May 1720 in
In 1760, he retired and settled down on his estates in Bodenwerder to live as a Freiherr, remaining there until his death in 1797.[5][9] It was during this period of his life, especially at dinners he would host for local aristocrats, that Münchhausen developed a reputation as an imaginative storyteller, creating witty and highly exaggerated accounts of his military career in Russia. Over the ensuing decades, his storytelling abilities gained such renown that he frequently received visits from travelling noblemen wishing to hear his tales.[10] One guest described Münchhausen as telling his stories "cavalierly, indeed with military emphasis, yet without any concession to the whimsicality of the man of the world; describing his adventures as one would incidents which were in the natural course of events".[11] However, rather than being considered a liar, Münchhausen was seen as an honest man.[5] As another contemporary put it, Münchhausen's unbelievable narratives were designed not to deceive, but "to ridicule the disposition for the marvellous which he observed in some of his acquaintances".[12]
Von Dunten died in 1790.[13] In January 1794, Münchhausen married Bernardine von Brunn, a woman who was fifty-seven years his junior.[13] Von Brunn reportedly became ill soon after the marriage and spent the summer of 1794 in the spa town of Bad Pyrmont, although contemporary gossip claimed that she spent her time there dancing and flirting.[13] She gave birth to a daughter, Maria Wilhemina, on 16 February 1795, nine months after her summer trip. Münchhausen filed an official complaint that the child was not his, and spent the last years of his life in divorce proceedings and alimony litigation.[13] Münchhausen died childless on 22 February 1797.[5]
Fictionalization
The fictionalized character was created by a German writer, scientist, and con artist, Rudolf Erich Raspe.[14][15] Raspe probably met Hieronymus von Münchhausen while studying at the University of Göttingen,[7] and may even have been invited to dine with him at the mansion at Bodenwerder.[14] Raspe's later career mixed writing and scientific scholarship with theft and swindling; when the German police issued advertisements for his arrest in 1775, he fled continental Europe and settled in England.[16]
In his native German language, Raspe wrote a collection of anecdotes inspired by Münchhausen's tales, calling the collection "M-h-s-nsche Geschichten" ("M-h-s-n Stories").[17] It remains unclear how much of Raspe's material comes directly from the Baron, but the majority of the stories are derived from older sources,[18] including Heinrich Bebel's Facetiæ (1508) and Samuel Gotthold Lange's Deliciæ Academicæ (1765).[19] "M-h-s-nsche Geschichten" appeared as a feature in the eighth issue of the Vade mecum für lustige Leute (Handbook for Fun-loving People), a Berlin humor magazine, in 1781. Raspe published a sequel, "Noch zwei M-Lügen" ("Two more M-Fibs"), in the tenth issue of the same magazine in 1783.[17] The hero and narrator of these stories was identified only as "M-h-s-n", keeping Raspe's inspiration partly obscured while still allowing knowledgeable German readers to make the connection to Münchhausen.[20] Raspe's name did not appear at all.[17]
In 1785, while supervising mines at
This English edition, the first version of the text in which Munchausen appeared as a fully developed literary character,
By May 1786, Raspe no longer had control over the book, which was taken over by a different publisher, G. Kearsley.[26][b] Kearsley, intending the book for a higher-class audience than the original editions had been, commissioned extensive additions and revisions from other hands, including new stories, twelve new engravings, and much rewriting of Raspe's prose. This third edition was sold at two shillings, twice the price of the original, as Gulliver Revived, or the Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures of Baron Munikhouson, commonly pronounced Munchausen.[27]
Kearsley's version was a marked popular success. Over the next few years, the publishing house issued further editions in quick succession, adding still more non-Raspe material along the way; even the full-length Sequel to the Adventures of Baron Munchausen, again not by Raspe and originally published in 1792 by a rival printer, was quickly subsumed into the body of stories. In the process of revision, Raspe's prose style was heavily modified; instead of his conversational language and sportsmanlike turns of phrase, Kearsley's writers opted for a blander and more formal tone imitating Augustan prose.[28] Most ensuing English-language editions, including even the major editions produced by Thomas Seccombe in 1895 and F. J. Harvey Darton in 1930, reproduce one of the rewritten Kearsley versions rather than Raspe's original text.[29]
At least ten editions or translations of the book appeared before Raspe's death in 1794.[30] Translations of the book into French, Spanish, and German were published in 1786.[22] The text reached the United States in 1805, expanded to include American topical satire by an anonymous Federalist writer, probably Thomas Green Fessenden.[31]
The first German translation, Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und Lande, was made by the German
Raspe, probably for fear of a
In the first few years after publication, German readers widely assumed that the real-life Baron von Münchhausen was responsible for the stories.[22] According to witnesses, Münchhausen was deeply angry that the book had dragged his name into public consciousness and insulted his honor as a nobleman. Münchhausen became a recluse, refusing to host parties or tell any more stories,[22] and he attempted without success to bring legal proceedings against Bürger and the publisher of the translation.[40]
Publication history
The following tables summarize the early publication history of Raspe's text, from 1785 to 1800. Unless otherwise referenced, information in the tables comes from the Munchausen bibliography established by John Patrick Carswell.[41]
Raspe's English text | |||
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Edition | Title on title page | Publication | Contents |
First | Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia. Humbly dedicated and recommended to Country Gentlemen; and, if they please, to be repeated as their own, after a Hunt, at Horse Races, in Watering Places, and other such polite Assemblies, round the bottle and fireside | Oxford: Smith, 1786 [actually late 1785][d] | Adaptations by Raspe of fifteen of the sixteen anecdotes from "M-h-s-nsche Geschichten" and both of the anecdotes from "Noch zwei M-Lügen". |
Second | Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Sporting Adventures of Baron Munnikhouson, commonly pronounced Munchausen; as he relates them over a Bottle when surrounded by his Friends. A New Edition, considerably enlarged, and ornamented with four Views, engraved from the Baron's own drawings | Oxford: Smith, [April] 1786 | Same as the First Edition, plus five new stories probably by Raspe and four illustrations possibly also by Raspe. |
Third | Gulliver Revived, or the singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures of Baron Munikhouson, commonly pronounced Munchausen. The Third Edition, considerably enlarged, and ornamented with Views, engraved from the original designs | Oxford: G. Kearsley, [May] 1786 | Same stories and engravings as the Second Edition, plus new non-Raspe material and twelve new engravings. Many alterations are made to Raspe's original text. |
Fourth | Gulliver Revived containing singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures in Russia, Iceland, Turkey, Egypt, Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean, and on the Atlantic Ocean: Also an Account of a Voyage into the Moon, with many extraordinary Particulars relative to the Cooking Animal in that Planet, which are here called the Human Species, by Baron Munchausen. The Fourth Edition. Considerably enlarged, and ornamented with Sixteen explanatory Views, engraved from Original Designs | London: G. Kearsley, [July] 1786 | Same stories as the Third Edition, plus new material not by Raspe, including the cannonball ride, the journey with Captain Hamilton, and the Baron's second trip to the Moon. Further alterations to Raspe's text. Eighteen engravings, though only sixteen are mentioned on the title page. |
Fifth | Gulliver Revived, containing singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures in Russia, the Caspian Sea, Iceland, Turkey, Egypt, Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean, on the Atlantic Ocean and through the Centre of Mount Etna into the South Sea: Also an Account of a Voyage to the Moon and Dog Star, with many extraordinary Particulars relative to the Cooking Animal in those Planets, which are here called the Human Species, by Baron Munchausen. The Fifth Edition, considerably enlarged, and ornamented with a variety of explanatory Views, engraved from Original Designs | London: G. Kearsley, 1787 | Same contents as the Fourth Edition, plus the trips to Ceylon (added at the beginning) and Mount Etna (at the end), and a new frontispiece. |
Sixth | Gulliver Revived or the Vice of Lying properly exposed; containing singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures in Russia, the Caspian Sea, Iceland, Turkey, Egypt, Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean, on the Atlantic Ocean and through the Centre of Mount Etna into the South Sea: also an Account of a Voyage into the Moon and Dog-Star with many extraordinary Particulars relative to the Cooking Animal in those Planets, which are there called the Human Species by Baron Munchausen. The Sixth Edition. Considerably enlarged and ornamented with a variety of explanatory Views engraved from Original Designs | London: G. Kearsley, 1789[e] | Same contents as the Fifth Edition, plus a "Supplement" about a ride on an eagle and a new frontispiece. |
Seventh | The Seventh Edition, Considerably enlarged, and ornamented with Twenty Explanatory Engravings, from Original Designs. Gulliver Revived: or, the Vice of Lying properly exposed. Containing singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures in Russia, the Caspian Sea, Iceland, Turkey, Egypt, Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean, on the Atlantic Ocean and through the Centre of Mount Aetna, into the South Sea. Also, An Account of a Voyage into the Moon and Dog-Star; with many extraordinary Particulars relative to the Cooking Animal in those Planets, which are there called the Human Species. By Baron Munchausen | London: C. and G. Kearsley, 1793 | Same as the Sixth Edition. |
Eighth | The Eighth Edition, Considerably enlarged, and ornamented with Twenty Explanatory Engravings, from Original Designs. Gulliver Revived: or, the Vice of Lying properly exposed. Containing singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures in Russia, the Caspian Sea, Iceland, Turkey, Egypt, Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean, on the Atlantic Ocean and through the Centre of Mount Aetna, into the South Sea. Also, An Account of a Voyage into the Moon and Dog-Star; with many extraordinary Particulars relative to the Cooking Animal in those Planets, which are there called the Human Species. By Baron Munchausen | London: C. and G. Kearsley, 1799 | Same as the Sixth Edition. |
Early Munchausen translations and sequels | |||
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Language | Title | Publication | Contents |
German | Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und Lande, feldzüge und lustige Abentheuer des Freyherrn von Münchhausen wie er dieselben bey der Flasche im Zirkel seiner Freunde zu Erzählen pflegt. Aus dem Englischen nach der neuesten Ausgabe übersetzt, hier und da erweitert und mit noch mehr Küpfern gezieret | London [actually Göttingen]: [Johann Christian Dieterich,] 1786 | Gottfried August Bürger's free translation of the English Second Edition, plus new material added by Bürger. Four illustrations from the English Second Edition and three new ones. |
French | Gulliver ressuscité, ou les voyages, campagnes et aventures extraordinaires du Baron de Munikhouson | Paris: Royez, 1787 | Slightly modified translation of the English Fifth Edition. |
German | Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und Lande, feldzüge und lustige Abentheuer des Freyherrn von Münchhausen, wie er dieselben bey der Flasche im Zirkel seiner Freunde zu Erzählen pflegt. Aus dem Englischen nach der neuesten Ausgabe übersetzt, hier und da erweitert und mit noch mehr Küpfern gezieret. Zweite vermehrte Ausgabe | London [actually Göttingen]: [Johann Christian Dieterich,] 1788 | Same as previous German edition, plus a translation of the new material from the English Fifth Edition, greatly revised. |
German | Nachtrag zu den wunderbaren Reisen zu Wasser und Lande, und lustige Abentheuer des Freyherrn von Münchhausen, wie er dieselben bey der Flasch Wein im Zirkel seiner Freunde selbst zu erzählen pflegt. Mit Küpferrn | Copenhagen, 1789 | Original German sequel, sharply satirizing the Baron. Includes twenty-three engravings and an "Elegy on the Death of Herr von Münchhausen" (though the real-life Baron had not yet died). |
English | A Sequel to the Adventures of Baron Munchausen humbly dedicated to Mr Bruce the Abyssinian Traveller, As the Baron conceives that it may be of some service to him making another expedition into Abyssinia; but if this does not delight Mr Bruce, the Baron is willing to fight him on any terms he pleases | [London:] H. D. Symonds, 1792 [a second edition was published 1796] | Original English sequel, satirizing the travels of James Bruce. Includes twenty engravings. This Sequel was often printed alongside the Raspe text as "Volume Two of the Baron's Travels". |
Fictional character
The fictional Baron Munchausen is a
In the stories he narrates, the Baron is shown as a calm,
Because the feats the Baron describes are overtly implausible, they are easily recognizable as fiction,[51] with a strong implication that the Baron is a liar.[44] Whether he expects his audience to believe him varies from version to version; in Raspe's original 1785 text, he simply narrates his stories without further comment, but in the later extended versions he is insistent that he is telling the truth.[52] In any case, the Baron appears to believe every word of his own stories, no matter how internally inconsistent they become, and he usually appears tolerantly indifferent to any disbelief he encounters in others.[53]
-
The Baron returns from the Moon: illustration, possibly by Raspe, for the second edition of the book
-
The anonymous 1792 portrait of the Baron
-
The Baron rides a half-horse, illustrated by George Cruikshank.
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The Baron picks up a carriage, illustrated by Theodor Hosemann.
-
The Baron retrieved from the whale, illustrated by Gustave Doré.
Illustrators of the Baron stories have included
In the first published illustrations, which may have been drawn by Raspe himself, the Baron appears slim and youthful.[59] For the 1792 Sequel to the Adventures of Baron Munchausen, an anonymous artist drew the Baron as a dignified but tired old soldier whose face is marred by injuries from his adventures; this illustration remained the standard portrait of the Baron for about seventy years, and its imagery was echoed in Cruikshank's depictions of the character. Doré, illustrating a Théophile Gautier fils translation in 1862, retained the sharply beaked nose and twirled moustache from the 1792 portrait, but gave the Baron a healthier and more affable appearance; the Doré Baron became the definitive visual representation for the character.[60]
The relationship between the real and fictional Barons is complex. On the one hand, the fictional Baron Munchausen can be easily distinguished from the historical figure Hieronymus von Münchhausen;
Critical and popular reception
Reviewing the first edition of Raspe's book in December 1785, a writer in
This is a satirical production calculated to throw ridicule on the bold assertions of some parliamentary declaimers. If rant may be best foiled at its own weapons, the author's design is not ill-founded; for the marvellous has never been carried to a more whimsical and ludicrous extent.[63][f]
At around the same time, English Review was less approving: "We do not understand how a collection of lies can be called a satire on lying, any more than the adventures of a woman of pleasure can be called a satire on fornication."[64]
W. L. George described the fictional Baron as a "comic giant" of literature, describing his boasts as "splendid, purposeless lie[s] born of the joy of life".[65] Théophile Gautier fils highlighted that the Baron's adventures are endowed with an "absurd logic pushed to the extreme and which backs away from nothing".[66] According to an interview, Jules Verne relished reading the Baron stories as a child, and used them as inspiration for his own adventure novels.[67] Thomas Seccombe commented that "Munchausen has undoubtedly achieved [a permanent place in literature] ... The Baron's notoriety is universal, his character proverbial, and his name as familiar as that of Mr. Lemuel Gulliver, or Robinson Crusoe."[68]
Steven T. Byington wrote that "Munchausen's modest seat in the Valhalla of classic literature is undisputed", comparing the stories to American tall tales and concluding that the Baron is "the patriarch, the perfect model, the fadeless fragrant flower, of liberty from accuracy".[69] The folklore writer Alvin Schwartz cited the Baron stories as one of the most important influences on the American tall tale tradition.[70] In a 2012 study of the Baron, the literary scholar Sarah Tindal Kareem noted that "Munchausen embodies, in his deadpan presentation of absurdities, the novelty of fictionality [and] the sophistication of aesthetic illusion", adding that the additions to Raspe's text made by Kearsley and others tend to mask these ironic literary qualities by emphasizing that the Baron is lying.[52]
By the beginning of the 19th century, Kearsley's phenomenally popular version of Raspe's book had spread to abridged
Who is there that has not, in his youth, enjoyed The Surprising Travels and Adventures of Baron Munchausen in Russia, the Caspian Sea, Iceland, Turkey, &c. a slim volume—all too short, indeed—illustrated by a formidable portrait of the baron in front, with his broad-sword laid over his shoulder, and several deep gashes on his manly countenance? I presume they must be few.[72]
Though Raspe's book is no longer widely read by English-speakers,[76] the Munchausen stories remain popular in Europe, especially in Germany and in Russia.[77]
In culture
Literature
As well as the many augmented and adapted editions of Raspe's text, the fictional Baron has occasionally appeared in other standalone works.
In his 1886 philosophical treatise Beyond Good and Evil, Friedrich Nietzsche uses one of the Baron's adventures, the one in which he rescues himself from a swamp, as a metaphor for belief in complete metaphysical free will; Nietzsche calls this belief an attempt "to pull oneself up into existence by the hair, out of the swamps of nothingness".[80] Another philosopher, Ludwig Wittgenstein, makes reference to the same adventure in a diary entry from 1937, recording a remark he made in a dream: "But let us talk in our mother tongue, and not believe that we must pull ourselves out of the swamp by our own hair; that was – thank God – only a dream, after all. We are only supposed to remove misunderstandings, after all."[81]
In the late 19th century, the Baron appeared as a character in
Stage and audio
In 1932, the comedy writer Billy Wells adapted Baron Munchausen for a radio comedy routine starring the comedians Jack Pearl and Cliff Hall.[96] In the routine, Pearl's Baron would relate his unbelievable experiences in a thick German accent to Hall's "straight man" character, Charlie. When Charlie had had enough and expressed disbelief, the Baron would invariably retort: "Vass you dere, Sharlie?"[97] The line became a popular and much-quoted catchphrase, and by early 1933 The Jack Pearl Show was the second most popular series on American radio (after Eddie Cantor's program).[97] Pearl attempted to adapt his portrayal to film in Meet the Baron in 1933, playing a modern character mistaken for the Baron,[97] but the film was not a success.[96] Pearl's popularity gradually declined between 1933 and 1937, though he attempted to revive the Baron character several times before ending his last radio series in 1951.[98]
For a 1972
Film
The early French filmmaker
The French animator
For the German film studio
In the
Oleg Yankovsky appeared as the Baron in the 1979 Russian television film The Very Same Munchhausen, directed by Mark Zakharov from Grigori Gorin's screenplay, produced and released by Mosfilm. The film, a satirical commentary on Soviet censorship and social mores, imagines an ostracized Baron attempting to prove the truth of his adventures in a disbelieving and conformity-driven world.[93]
In 1988, Terry Gilliam adapted the Raspe stories into a lavish Hollywood film, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, with the British stage actor and director John Neville in the lead role. Roger Ebert, in his review of the film, described Neville's Baron as a man who "seems sensible and matter-of-fact, as anyone would if they had spent a lifetime growing accustomed to the incredible".[120]
The German actor
Legacy
Memorials
In 2004, a fan club calling itself Munchausen's Grandchildren was founded in the Russian city of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg). The club's early activities included identifying "historical proofs" of the fictional Baron's travels through Königsberg, such as a jackboot supposedly belonging to the Baron[122] and a sperm whale skeleton said to be that of the whale in whose belly the Baron was trapped.[123]
On 18 June 2005, to celebrate the 750th anniversary of Kaliningrad, a monument to the Baron was unveiled as a gift from Bodenwerder, portraying the Baron's cannonball ride.
Nomenclature
In 1951, the British physician
In 1968,
Subclass ATU1889 of the
Notes and references
Explanatory footnotes
- ^ The German name for both the fictional character and his historical namesake is Münchhausen. The simplified spelling Munchausen, with one h and no umlaut, is standard in English when discussing the fictional character, as well as the medical conditions named for him.[3][4]
- ^ Both booksellers worked in Oxford and used the same London address, 46 Fleet Street, so it is possible that Kearsley had also been involved in some capacity with publication of the first and second editions.[26]
- ^ Nonetheless, no known edition of the book credited Raspe on its title page until John Patrick Carswell's 1948 Cresset Press edition.[39]
- ^ An Irish edition issued soon after (Dublin: P. Byrne, 1786) has the same text but is reset and introduces a few new typographical errors.[42]
- ^ A pirated reprint, with all the engravings except the new frontispiece, appeared the next year (Hamburgh: B. G. Hoffmann, 1790).[43]
- ^ At the time, "ludicrous" was not a negative term; rather, it suggested that humor in the book was sharply satirical.[40]
- ^ a b Among Czech speakers, the fictional Baron is usually called Baron Prášil.[104]
Citations
- ^ Cambridge University Press 2015.
- ^ "Munchausen, Baron", Lexico UK English Dictionary, Oxford University Press[dead link]
- ^ Olry 2002, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Fisher 2006, p. 257.
- ^ a b c d e f g Krause 1886, p. 1.
- ^ a b Carswell 1952b, p. xxvii.
- ^ a b Carswell 1952b, p. xxv.
- ^ Levi 1998, p. 177.
- ^ Olry 2002, p. 53.
- ^ Fisher 2006, p. 251.
- ^ Carswell 1952b, pp. xxvii–xxviii.
- ^ Kareem 2012, pp. 495–496.
- ^ a b c d Meadow & Lennert 1984, p. 555.
- ^ a b Seccombe 1895, p. xxii.
- ^ Carswell 1952b, p. x.
- ^ Seccombe 1895, pp. xvi–xvii.
- ^ a b c Blamires 2009, §3.
- ^ Krause 1886, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d e Olry 2002, p. 54.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §8.
- ^ Seccombe 1895, p. xix.
- ^ a b c d e Fisher 2006, p. 252.
- ^ Carswell 1952b, pp. xxvi–xxvii.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, pp. 166–167.
- ^ a b Carswell 1952a, p. 167.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, pp. 167–168.
- ^ Carswell 1952b, pp. xxxi–xxxii.
- ^ Carswell 1952b, p. xxxvii.
- ^ Olry 2002, p. 55.
- ^ Gudde 1942, p. 372.
- ^ Carswell 1952b, p. xxx.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §5.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, p. 171.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §6–7.
- ^ a b Seccombe 1895, p. xi.
- ^ Seccombe 1895, p. x.
- ^ Seccombe 1895, p. xii.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §4.
- ^ a b Kareem 2012, p. 491.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, pp. 164–175.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, pp. 165–166.
- ^ Carswell 1952a, p. 173.
- ^ a b George 1918, pp. 169–171.
- ^ Kareem 2012, p. 488.
- ^ a b Fisher 2006, p. 253.
- ^ George 1918, pp. 174–175.
- ^ Kareem 2012, p. 484.
- ^ George 1918, pp. 181–182.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §12–13.
- ^ Kareem 2012, p. 492.
- ^ a b Kareem 2012, p. 485.
- ^ George 1918, pp. 177–178.
- ^ Seccombe 1895, pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §29.
- ^ Raspe 1969.
- ^ Holtz 2011.
- ^ Jones 2011, p. 352.
- ^ a b Kareem 2012, p. 500.
- ^ Kareem 2012, pp. 500–503.
- ^ George 1918, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Wiebel 2011.
- ^ a b Seccombe 1895, p. vi.
- ^ Kareem 2012, p. 496.
- ^ George 1918, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Lefebvre 2011, p. 60.
- ^ Compère, Margot & Malbrancq 1998, p. 232.
- ^ Seccombe 1895, p. v.
- ^ Byington 1928, pp. v–vi.
- ^ Schwartz 1990, p. 105.
- ^ a b Blamires 2009, §24.
- ^ a b Kareem 2012, p. 503.
- ^ a b Carswell 1952b, p. xxxiii.
- ^ Balina, Goscilo & Lipovet︠s︡kiĭ 2005, p. 247.
- ^ a b Kareem 2012, p. 504.
- ^ Kareem 2012, p. 486.
- ^ a b c d Baister & Patrick 2007, p. 159.
- ^ a b Blamires 2009, §30.
- ^ a b Ziolkowski 2007, p. 78.
- ^ Nietzsche 2000, p. 218.
- ^ Wittgenstein 2003, p. 243.
- ^ Bangs 1895, p. 27; Bangs 1897, p. 27; Bangs 1899, p. 34.
- ^ Westfahl 2007, p. 209.
- ^ Cami 1926.
- ^ George 1918, p. 175.
- ^ Wardrip-Fruin 2009, p. 77.
- ^ Mitchell & McGee 2009, pp. 100–102.
- ^ Bold Venture Press 2018.
- ^ Sadler's Wells 1795, p. 2.
- ^ Eulenberg 1900.
- ^ Furness & Humble 1991, p. 114.
- ^ Balina, Goscilo & Lipovet︠s︡kiĭ 2005, pp. 246–247.
- ^ a b Hutchings 2004, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Košatka 2010.
- ^ Czech Centre London 2011.
- ^ a b Erickson 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b c Erickson 2014, p. 51.
- ^ Erickson 2014, p. 52.
- ^ Baron Munchausen: Eighteen Truly Tall Tales by Raspe and Others. Retold by Doris Orgel, Read by Peter Ustinov.
Caedmon Records (TC 1409), 1972. Format: LP Record
- ^ Baron Munchausen: Eighteen Truly Tall Tales by Raspe and Others. Read by Peter Ustinov, Retold by Doris Orgel. Collins-Caedmon (SirH70), 1972. Format: Audio Cassette.
- ^ Knight 1973, p. 119.
- ^ Zipes 2010, p. 43.
- ^ Ezra 2000, p. 20.
- ^ a b c Sadoul & Morris 1972, p. 25.
- ^ Shull & Wilt 2004, p. 17.
- ^ a b Zipes 2010, p. 408.
- ^ Young 1997, p. 441.
- ^ Česká televize.
- ^ Hull 1969, pp. 252–253.
- ^ Hull 1969, p. 254.
- ^ Nagle 2010, p. 269.
- ^ Arndt & von Brisinski 2006, p. 103.
- ^ Hames 2009, pp. 197–198.
- ^ Cartoon on Animator.ru
- ^ Cartoon on youtube
- ^ Cartoon on youtube with english subs
- ^ Venger & Reisner, "Adventures of Baron Munghausen" [sic].
- ^ Venger & Reisner, "Munchausen's Adventures".
- ^ Willis 1984, p. 184.
- ^ Ebert 1989.
- ^ Hass 2012.
- ^ Викторова 2004.
- ^ Волошина & Захаров 2006.
- ^ Kaliningrad-Aktuell 2005.
- ^ Blamires 2009, §32.
- ^ "Munchausen's Museum – Minhauzena Pasaule". Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ Baister & Patrick 2007, p. 154.
- ^ Fisher 2006, p. 250.
- ^ Feldman 2000.
- ^ Apel 2001, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Olry & Haines 2013, p. 136.
- ^ Ziolkowski 2007, p. 77.
- ^ NASA 2013.
General and cited sources
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External links
- Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia (Raspe's original 1785 text) at Wikisource
- The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen at Standard Ebooks
- The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen (Thomas Seccombe's edition of a Kearsley text) at Project Gutenberg
- The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Münchhausen (Gottfried August Bürger's translation) at Project Gutenberg (in German)
- The Munchausen Museum Archived 6 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine in Latvia
- The Munchausen Library Archived 14 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine in Zurich
See also
- Gulliver’s Travels
- Tall tales