Barquq
| Barquq | |
|---|---|
As-Salih Hajji | |
| Successor | An-Nasir Faraj |
| Born | c. 1336 Kasa, Circassia[1] |
| Died | 20 June 1399 (aged c. 63) |
| Spouse |
|
Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz | |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Al-Malik Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq (
Early life
Barquq was of Circassian origin,[2][1] and was acquired as a slave, presumably after a battle, and sold to a bathhouse in Crimea.[1] According to one narration, while trying to escape and secretly go to Constantinople, he was attacked by Bulgarian bandits and sold to Egypt, while according to another narration he was directly brought from Crimea to Egypt.[1] In Egypt, he became a mamluk in the household of Yalbugha al-Umari in approximately 1363–64 (or 764 on the Islamic calendar).[3] During the reign of Sultan al-Mansur Ali, when Barquq held considerable influence in the Mamluk state, he brought his father to Egypt in March 1381. His father, originally a Christian,[1] converted to Islam, adopted the name Anas and became the first father of a first-generation mamluk to be mentioned by the Mamluk era sources because of his Muslim faith; the fathers of first generation mamluks were typically non-Muslims. Anas was promoted to the rank of emir of one hundred (the highest Mamluk military rank) and was known for his piety, kindness and charitable acts. He died ten months after his arrival to Egypt.[4]
Rise to power
Since 1341, the Mamluk empire had been ruled by the descendants of al-Nasir Muhammad. However, none of them were strong enough to exert effective control. Many of the rulers were minors at the time of their accession, and would act as puppets for one or another competing Mamluk faction.
This happened in 1377, when the sultan
Barquq was a member of the faction behind the throne, serving in various powerful capacities in the court of the boy sultans. He consolidated his power until in November 1382 when he was able to depose sultan
First reign (1382–1389)
Barquq placed many of his own family in positions of power to the detriment of fellow Mamluks, attempting to solidify his position. He sponsored the construction of the
Barquq ended the public holiday in Egypt celebrating the Coptic New Year Nayrouz.[8]
The central
Revolt
Early on, the 1386
Second reign (1390–1399)
During Barquq's second reign he succeeded in replacing almost all governors and senior officials with members of his own household. Barquq became an enemy of the Turkic warlord Timur after Timur's invasion of Baghdad in 1393, and his intention to invade Syria. Hence, he joined an alliance with the Ottoman Empire after 1393.[9]
Barquq died in June 1399 and was succeeded by his son
Family
Barquq's first wife was the daughter of Amir Tashtimur. They married on 17 April 1380, before his accession to the throne.[10] In 1384, he married Khawand Fatima, the daughter of Amir Manjak al-Yusufi.[10][11] On 12 February 1386,[12] he married Sitti Hajar, the daughter of Amir Menglibogha as-Shamsi and Khwand Fatima, daughter of Sultan Al-Ashraf Sha'ban.[12] With her, he had a daughter, Khawand Bairam.[13] She died on 2 April 1430.[12] In 1391, he married the daughter of Amir Ali bin Esendemir, the naib of Syria,[10] and the same year he married the daughter of Ash-Shahabi Ahmad bin at-Tuluni.[10]
Another wife was
Another wife was Khawand Hajj Malak. She descended from elite Turkish origins. Her father was either Ibn Qara or a royal mamluk named Muqbil. After Barquq's death she married Taghribirdi, the father of 15th century historian Ibn Taghribirdi, and gave birth to his daughter Aisha also known as Shaqra. After his death, she married the Abbasid prince Yaqub bin al-Mutawakkil I and gave birth to the future caliph Al-Mutawakkil II. She died in 1429.[20]
One of his daughters, Khawand Sara, born of a concubine,[21] married Nawruz al-Hafizi, the amir kabir on 1 September 1401,[22] and later Muqbil ar-Rumi. She died in 1409–10 on the road to Damascus.[21] Another daughter, Khawand Bairam[21] married Amir Inal Bay ibn Qijmas on 15 September 1401,[22] then Baighut, and then Asanbugha Zarkadash.[13] She died of plague in 1416.[21] Another daughter, Khawand Zaynab, born of a Greek concubine, married Sultan Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh.[23] She died in 1423.[24]
Legacy
Sultan Barquq's reign was also marked by trade with other contemporaneous polities. Excavations in the late 1800s and early 1900s in modern-day northwestern Somalia unearthed, among other things, coins identified as having been derived from Barquq. All of the pieces had been struck in either Cairo or Damascus.[25] Most of these finds are associated with the medieval Sultanate of Adal.[26] They were sent to the British Museum in London for preservation shortly after their discovery.[27]
See also
- List of rulers of Egypt
- Sayyid Husayn Ahlati
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Tekindağ, Şehabeddin. Berkuk Devrinde Memlûk Sultanlığı (XIV. yüzyıl Mısır tarihine dair araştırmalar)
- ^ [1], p. 290, at Google Books
- ^ Holt, 2014, p. 127
- ^ Sharon, 2013, p. 163
- ^ a b Holt, 2014, p. 128
- ^ Mayer, 1933, pp. 2 n 2, 22, 24
- ^ Williams, 2002, pp. 170-172
- ^ Margoliouth, 1907, pp. 171−172
- ^ The Mamluks, Ivan Hrbek, The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790, Vol. III, Ed. Roland Oliver, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 54.
- ^ a b c d e Yiğit 2016, p. 559.
- ^ Yiğit 2015, p. 338.
- ^ a b c Bauden, Frédéric. "The Qalawunids: A Pedigree" (PDF). University of Chicago. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ a b Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1960). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. University of California Press. p. 11.
- ISBN 978-90-04-38463-7.
- ^ Yiğit 2015, p. 334.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-34505-8. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ Karam, Amina (2019-05-22). "Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo". AUC DAR Home. p. 85. Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
- ISBN 978-3-647-54009-2. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- S2CID 234429319. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- S2CID 228994024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-404-58813-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-474-1979-2.
- ^ Yiğit 2016, p. 560.
- ^ D'hulster, Kristof; Steenbergen, Jo Van. "Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy". Annales Islamologiques. 47: 61–82. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ^ University of Ghana, Institute of African Studies (1966). Research review, Volumes 3-4. The Institute. p. 67. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ Bernard Samuel Myers, ed., Encyclopedia of World Art, Volume 13, (McGraw-Hill: 1959), p.xcii.
- ^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), The Geographical Journal, Volume 87, (Royal Geographical Society: 1936), p.301.
Bibliography
- Yiğit, Fatma Akkuş (2015-06-01). "Memlûkler'de Evlilik Hazırlıkları". Türkiyat Mecmuası (in Turkish). 25 (1): 331–351. . Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- Yiğit, Fatma Akkuş (2016-04-20). "Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme" (PDF). Journal of International Social Research. 9 (43). The Journal of International Social Research: 556. ISSN 1307-9581.
- Margoliouth, D.S. (1907). Cairo, Jerusalem, and Damascus: three chief cities of the Egyptian sultans.
- Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
- Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
- ISBN 978-1-317-87152-1.
- Mayer, L.A. (1933). Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp. 29 n, 31, 35 f*, 57, 69, 90*f.*, 92, 96, 114*f*, 126, 147, 172, 185, 200, 216*, 225, 247, 253 ff, 257)
- Muir, W. (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 105−116.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25097-0.
- Williams, Caroline (2002). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: the Practical Guide. ISBN 977-424-695-0.
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