Epimedium
Epimedium | |
---|---|
Epimedium × versicolor | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Ranunculales |
Family: | Berberidaceae |
Genus: | Epimedium L.[1] |
Type species | |
Epimedium alpinum | |
Synonyms[2] | |
|
Epimedium | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | yín yáng huò |
IPA | [ǐn jǎŋ xwô] |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Yàhm yèuhng fok |
Jyutping | Jam4 joeng4 fok3 |
IPA | [jɐm˩ jœːŋ˩ fɔːk̚˧] |
Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo (
Epimedium species are
The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum. It contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor, in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown. While there is little clinical evidence to date, as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil – sold under the brand names Viagra, Levitra and Cialis – are all based on (stronger) PDE5 inhibitory action, it is thought to have erectogenic properties and is found in some men's sexual health supplements.[3]
Description
Species of Epimedium are
Individual flowers have parts in fours. There are four smaller outer sepals, usually greenish and shed when the flower opens. Moving inwards, these are followed by four larger petal-like inner sepals, often brightly coloured. Inside the sepals are four true petals. These may be small and flat, but often have a complex shape including a nectar-producing "spur" that may be longer than the sepals. There are four stamens.[2]
One of the common names for the genus, bishop's hat, arises from the shape of the flowers, particularly where the spurs are longer than the sepals.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
The genus was given its name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, in describing the European species E. alpinum.[1][4] The name is a Latinized version of a Greek name for an unidentifiable plant, epimedion, that is mentioned in Pliny's Natural History (xxvii.57). The meaning of the original name is unclear.[5]
- Accepted species (65)[6]
- Epimedium acuminatum
- Epimedium alpinum
- Epimedium baiealiguizhouense
- Epimedium baojingensis
- Epimedium borealiguizhouense
- Epimedium brachyrrhizum
- Epimedium brevicornum
- Epimedium campanulatum
- Epimedium chlorandrum
- Epimedium circinatocucullatum
- Epimedium coactum
- Epimedium davidii
- Epimedium dewuense
- Epimedium diphyllum
- Epimedium dolichostemon
- Epimedium ecalcaratum
- Epimedium elatum
- Epimedium elongatum
- Epimedium enshiense
- Epimedium epsteinii
- Epimedium fangii
- Epimedium fargesii
- Epimedium flavum
- Epimedium franchetii
- Epimedium glandulosopilosum
- Epimedium grandiflorum
- Epimedium hunanense
- Epimedium ilicifolium
- Epimedium jingzhouense
- Epimedium koreanum
- Epimedium latisepalum
- Epimedium leptorrhizum
- Epimedium lishihchenii
- Epimedium lobophyllum
- Epimedium macrosepalum
- Epimedium membranaceum
- Epimedium mikinorii
- Epimedium multiflorum
- Epimedium myrianthum
- Epimedium ogisui
- Epimedium parvifolium
- Epimedium pauciflorum
- Epimedium perralderianum
- Epimedium pinnatum
- Epimedium platypetalum
- Epimedium pseudowushanense
- Epimedium pubescens
- Epimedium pubigerum
- Epimedium pudingense
- Epimedium qingchengshanense
- Epimedium reticulatum
- Epimedium rhizomatosum
- Epimedium sagittatum
- Epimedium sempervirens
- Epimedium setosum
- Epimedium shennongjiaensis
- Epimedium shuichengense
- Epimedium stellulatum
- Epimedium sutchuenense
- Epimedium trifoliolatobinatum
- Epimedium truncatum
- Epimedium wushanense
- Epimedium zhushanense
Hybrids
Some artificial hybrids are cultivated in gardens. These include:[7]
- E. × cantabrigiense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pubigerum
- E. × perralchicum Stearn, hybrid between E. perralderianum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
- E. × rubrum Morr., hybrid between E. alpinum and E. grandiflorum
- E. × versicolor Morr., hybrid between E. grandiflorum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
- E. × warleyense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
- E. × youngianum Fisch & C.A.Mey, hybrid between E. diphyllum and E. grandiflorum
Cultivation
Some varieties and
The cultivar 'Amber Queen' is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[8]
Propagation
While they can be successfully
Chemistry
Epimedium wushanense contains a number of flavonoids. 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Among them, 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids. The predominant flavonoid, epimedin C, ranged from 1.4 to 5.1% in aerial parts and 1.0 to 2.8% in underground parts.[9]
Citations
- ^ a b "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Epimedium". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- ^ a b c d Ying, Junsheng; Boufford, David E. (es) [in Spanish] & Brach, Anthony R. (1994). "Epimedium". In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.). Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- PMID 20141584.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 117 in Latin
- ISBN 9781910455067, p. 55
- ^ The Plant List 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-900048-61-6. pp. 437–441.
- ^ "Epimedium 'Amber Queen'". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ Li HF, Guan XY, Ye M, Xiang C, Lin CH, Sun C, Guo DA.,"Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Epimedium wushanense by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry." J Sep Sci. 2011 May 10;
General and cited references
- .
- ISBN 9781842460399.
- The Plantsman: 10–17. Archived from the originalon 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
- "Epimedium". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2016.