Béla Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók (
Biography
Childhood and early years (1881–1898)
Bartók was born in the Banatian town of Nagyszentmiklós in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Sânnicolau Mare, Romania) on 25 March 1881.[2] On his father's side, the Bartók family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsodszirák, Borsod.[3] His paternal grandmother was a Catholic of Bunjevci origin, but considered herself Hungarian.[4] Bartók's father (1855–1888) was also named Béla. Bartók's mother, Paula (née Voit) (1857–1939), spoke[5] Hungarian fluently.[6] A native of Turócszentmárton (present-day Martin, Slovakia),[7] she had German, Hungarian and Slovak or Polish ancestry.
Béla displayed notable musical talent very early in life. According to his mother, he could distinguish between different dance rhythms that she played on the piano before he learned to speak in complete sentences.[8] By the age of four he was able to play 40 pieces on the piano, and his mother began formally teaching him the next year.
In 1888, when he was seven, his father, the director of an agricultural school, died suddenly. His mother then took Béla and his sister, Erzsébet, to live in
Early musical career (1899–1908)
From 1899 to 1903, Bartók studied piano under
The music of
Beginning in 1907, he came under the influence of French composer
In 1908, Bartok and Kodály traveled into the countryside to collect and research old
Bartók and Kodály set about incorporating elements of such Magyar peasant music into their compositions. They both frequently quoted folk song melodies verbatim and wrote pieces derived entirely from authentic songs. An example is Bartok's two volumes entitled
Middle years and career (1909–1939)
Personal life
In 1909, at the age of 28, Bartók married Márta Ziegler (1893–1967), aged 16. Their son, Béla Bartók III, was born the next year. After nearly 15 years together, Bartók divorced Márta in June 1923. Two months after his divorce, he married Ditta Pásztory (1903–1982), a piano student, ten days after proposing to her. She was aged 19, he 42. Their son, Péter, was born in 1924.[21]
Raised as a
Opera
In 1911, Bartók wrote what was to be his only opera,
Folk music and composition
After his disappointment over the Fine Arts Commission competition, Bartók wrote little for two or three years, preferring to concentrate on collecting and arranging folk music. He found the phonograph an essential tool for collecting folk music for its accuracy, objectivity, and manipulability.
Bartók's libretto for The Miraculous Mandarin, another ballet, was influenced by Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg and Richard Strauss. Though started in 1918, the story's sexual content kept it from being performed until 1926. He next wrote his two violin sonatas (written in 1921 and 1922, respectively), which are among his most harmonically and structurally complex pieces.[29]
In March 1927, he visited
In 1927–1928, Bartók wrote his Third and Fourth String Quartets, after which his compositions demonstrated his mature style. Notable examples of this period are Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936) and Divertimento for String Orchestra (1939). The Fifth String Quartet was composed in 1934, and the Sixth String Quartet (his last) in 1939. In 1936 he travelled to Turkey to collect and study Turkish folk music. He worked in collaboration with Turkish composer Ahmet Adnan Saygun mostly around Adana.[31][32]
World War II and final years (1940–1945)
In 1940, as the European political situation worsened after the outbreak of
Although he became an American citizen in 1945, shortly before his death,[35] Bartók never felt fully at home in the United States.[36] He initially found it difficult to compose. Although he was well known in America as a pianist, ethnomusicologist and teacher, he was not well known as a composer. There was little American interest in his music during his final years. He and his wife Ditta gave some concerts, although demand for them was low.[37] Bartók, who had made some recordings in Hungary, also recorded for Columbia Records after he came to the US; many of these recordings (some with Bartók's own spoken introductions) were later issued on LP and CD.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
Supported by a research fellowship from
As his body slowly failed, Bartók found more creative energy and produced a final set of masterpieces, partly thanks to the violinist Joseph Szigeti and the conductor Fritz Reiner (Reiner had been Bartók's friend and champion since his days as Bartók's student at the Royal Academy). Bartók's last work might well have been the String Quartet No. 6 but for Serge Koussevitzky's commission for the Concerto for Orchestra. Koussevitsky's Boston Symphony Orchestra premiered the work in December 1944 to highly positive reviews. The Concerto for Orchestra quickly became Bartók's most popular work, although he did not live to see its full impact.[46]
In 1944, he was also commissioned by Yehudi Menuhin to write a Sonata for Solo Violin. In 1945, Bartók composed his Piano Concerto No. 3, a graceful and almost neo-classical work, as a surprise 42nd birthday present for Ditta, but he died just over a month before her birthday, with the scoring not quite finished. He had also sketched his Viola Concerto, but had barely started the scoring at his death, leaving completed only the viola part and sketches of the orchestral part.
Béla Bartók died at age 64 in a hospital in New York City from complications of leukemia (specifically, of secondary polycythemia) on 26 September 1945. His funeral was attended by only ten people. Aside from his widow and their son, other attendees included György Sándor.[47]
Bartók's body was initially interred in Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. During the final year of communist Hungary in the late 1980s, the Hungarian government, along with his two sons, Béla III and Péter, requested that his remains be exhumed and transferred back to Budapest for burial, where Hungary arranged a state funeral for him on 7 July 1988. He was re-interred at Budapest's Farkasréti Cemetery, next to the remains of Ditta, who died in 1982, one year after what would have been Béla Bartók's 100th birthday.[48]
The two unfinished works were later completed by his pupil Tibor Serly. György Sándor was the soloist in the first performance of the Third Piano Concerto on 8 February 1946. Ditta Pásztory-Bartók later played and recorded it. The Viola Concerto was revised and published in the 1990s by Bartók's son; this version may be closer to what Bartók intended.[49] Concurrently, Peter Bartók, in association with Argentinian musician Nelson Dellamaggiore, worked to reprint and revise past editions of the Third Piano Concerto.[50]
Music
Bartók's music reflects two trends that dramatically changed the sound of music in the 20th century: the breakdown of the
One characteristic style of music is his Night music, which he used mostly in slow movements of multi-movement ensemble or orchestral compositions in his mature period. It is characterised by "eerie dissonances providing a backdrop to sounds of nature and lonely melodies".[54] An example is the third movement (Adagio) of his Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta. His music can be grouped roughly in accordance with the different periods in his life.[55]
Early years (1890–1902)
The works of Bartók's youth were written in a classical and early romantic style touched with influences of popular and romani music.[56][page needed] Between 1890 and 1894 (9 to 13 years of age) he wrote 31 piano pieces with corresponding opus numbers[citation needed]. Although most of these were simple dance pieces, in these early works Bartók began to tackle some more advanced forms, as in his ten-part programmatic A Duna folyása ("The Course of the Danube", 1890–1894), which he played in his first public recital in 1892.[57]
In Catholic grammar school Bartók took to studying the scores of composers "from
New influences (1903–1911)
Under the influence of Strauss, Bartók composed in 1903 Kossuth, a symphonic poem in ten tableaux on the subject of the 1848 Hungarian war of independence, reflecting the composers growing interest in musical nationalism.[62] A year later he renewed his opus numbers with the Rhapsody for Piano and Orchestra serving as Opus 1. Driven by nationalistic fervor and a desire to transcend the influence of prior composers, Bartók began a lifelong devotion to folk music, which was sparked by his overhearing nanny Lidi Dósa's singing of Transylvanian folk songs at a Hungarian resort in 1904.[63] Bartók began to collect Magyar peasant melodies, later extending to the folk music of other peoples of the Carpathian Basin, Slovaks, Romanians, Rusyns, Serbs and Croatians.[64] His compositional output would gradually prune away romantic elements in favour of an idiom that embodied folk music as intrinsic and essential to its style. Later in life he would have this to say on the incorporation of folk and art music:[65]
The question is, what are the ways in which peasant music is taken over and becomes transmuted into modern music? We may, for instance, take over a peasant melody unchanged or only slightly varied, write an accompaniment to it and possibly some opening and concluding phrases. This kind of work would show a certain analogy with Bach's treatment of chorales. ... Another method ... is the following: the composer does not make use of a real peasant melody but invents his own imitation of such melodies. There is no true difference between this method and the one described above. ... There is yet a third way ... Neither peasant melodies nor imitations of peasant melodies can be found in his music, but it is pervaded by the atmosphere of peasant music. In this case we may say, he has completely absorbed the idiom of peasant music which has become his musical mother tongue.
Bartók became first acquainted with Debussy's music in 1907 and regarded his music highly. In an interview in 1939 Bartók said:[66]
Debussy's great service to music was to reawaken among all musicians an awareness of harmony and its possibilities. In that, he was just as important as Beethoven, who revealed to us the possibilities of progressive form, or as Bach, who showed us the transcendent significance of counterpoint. Now, what I am always asking myself is this: is it possible to make a synthesis of these three great masters, a living synthesis that will be valid for our time?
Debussy's influence is present in the Fourteen Bagatelles (1908). These made Ferruccio Busoni exclaim: "At last something truly new!"[67] Until 1911, Bartók composed widely differing works which ranged from adherence to romantic style, to folk song arrangements and to his modernist opera Bluebeard's Castle. The negative reception of his work led him to focus on folk music research after 1911 and abandon composition with the exception of folk music arrangements.[68][69]
Inspiration and experimentation (1916–1921)
His pessimistic attitude towards composing was lifted by the stormy and inspiring contact with Klára Gombossy in the summer of 1915.[70] This interesting episode in Bartók's life remained hidden until it was researched by Denijs Dille between 1979 and 1989.[71] Bartók started composing again, including the Suite for piano opus 14 (1916), and The Miraculous Mandarin (1919)[72] and he completed The Wooden Prince (1917).[73]
Bartók felt the result of World War I as a personal tragedy.
"Synthesis of East and West" (1926–1945)
In 1926, Bartók needed a significant piece for piano and orchestra with which he could tour in Europe and America. He was particularly inspired by American composer
Among Bartók's most important works are the six string quartets (1909, 1917, 1927, 1928, 1934, and 1939), the Cantata Profana (1930), which Bartók declared was the work he felt and professed to be his most personal "credo",[80] the Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936),[1] the Concerto for Orchestra (1943) and the Third Piano Concerto (1945).[81][page needed] He made a lasting contribution to the literature for younger students: for his son Péter's music lessons, he composed Mikrokosmos, a six-volume collection of graded piano pieces.[1]
Musical analysis
Although Bartók claimed in his writings that his music was always tonal, he rarely used the chords or scales normally associated with tonality, and so the descriptive resources of tonal theory are of limited use.
He rarely used the simple aggregate actively to shape musical structure, though there are notable examples such as the second theme from the first movement of his Second Violin Concerto, of which he commented that he "wanted to show Schoenberg that one can use all twelve tones and still remain tonal".[84] More thoroughly, in the first eight measures of the last movement of his Second Quartet, all notes gradually gather with the twelfth (G♭) sounding for the first time on the last beat of measure 8, marking the end of the first section. The aggregate is partitioned in the opening of the Third String Quartet with C♯–D–D♯–E in the accompaniment (strings) while the remaining pitch classes are used in the melody (violin 1) and more often as 7–35 (diatonic or "white-key" collection) and 5–35 (pentatonic or "black-key" collection) such as in no. 6 of the Eight Improvisations. There, the primary theme is on the black keys in the left hand, while the right accompanies with triads from the white keys. In measures 50–51 in the third movement of the Fourth Quartet, the first violin and cello play black-key chords, while the second violin and viola play stepwise diatonic lines.[85] On the other hand, from as early as the Suite for piano, Op. 14 (1914), he occasionally employed a form of serialism based on compound interval cycles, some of which are maximally distributed, multi-aggregate cycles.[86][87] Ernő Lendvai analyses Bartók's works as being based on two opposing tonal systems, that of the acoustic scale and the axis system, as well as using the golden section as a structural principle.[88]
Milton Babbitt, in his 1949 review of Bartók's string quartets, criticized Bartók for using tonality and non-tonal methods unique to each piece. Babbitt noted that "Bartók's solution was a specific one, it cannot be duplicated".[89] Bartók's use of "two organizational principles"—tonality for large scale relationships and the piece-specific method for moment to moment thematic elements—was a problem for Babbitt, who worried that the "highly attenuated tonality" requires extreme non-harmonic methods to create a feeling of closure.[90]
Catalogues
The cataloguing of Bartók's works is somewhat complex. Bartók assigned opus numbers to his works three times, the last of these series ending with the Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 1, Op. 21 in 1921. He ended this practice because of the difficulty of distinguishing between original works and ethnographic arrangements, and between major and minor works. Since his death, three attempts—two full and one partial—have been made at cataloguing. The first, and still most widely used, is András Szőllősy's chronological Sz. numbers, from 1 to 121. Denijs Dille subsequently reorganised the juvenilia (Sz. 1–25) thematically, as DD numbers 1 to 77. The most recent catalogue is that of László Somfai; this is a chronological index with works identified by BB numbers 1 to 129, incorporating corrections based on the Béla Bartók Thematic Catalogue.
On 1 January 2016, Bartók's works entered the public domain in the European Union.[91]
Discography
Together with his like-minded contemporary Zoltán Kodály, Bartók embarked on an extensive programme of field research to capture the folk and peasant melodies of Magyar, Slovak and Romanian language territories.[64] At first they would transcribe the melodies by hand, but later they began to use a wax cylinder recording machine invented by Thomas Edison.[92][page needed] Compilations of Bartók's field recordings, interviews, and original piano playing have been released over the years, largely by the Hungarian record label Hungaroton:
- Bartók, Béla. 1994. Bartók at the Piano. Hungaroton 12326. 6-CD set.
- Bartók, Béla. 1995a. Bartók Plays Bartók – Bartók at the Piano 1929–41. Pearl 9166. CD recording.
- Bartók, Béla. 1995b. Bartók Recordings from Private Collections. Hungaroton 12334. CD recording.
- Bartók, Béla. 2003. Bartók Plays Bartók. Pearl 179. CD recording.
- Bartók, Béla. 2003. Bartók Sonata for 2 Pianos & Percussion, Suite for 2 Pianos. Apex 0927-49569-2. CD recording.
- Bartók, Béla. 2007. Bartók: Contrasts, Mikrokosmos. Membran/Documents 223546. CD recording.
- Bartók, Béla. 2008. Bartók Plays Bartók. Urania 340. CD recording.
- Bartók, Béla. 2016. Bartók the Pianist. Hungaroton HCD32790-91. Two CDs. Works by Bartók, Domenico Scarlatti, Zoltán Kodály, and Franz Liszt.
A compilation of field recordings and transcriptions for two violas was also recently released by Tantara Records in 2014.[93]
On 18 March 2016
Statues and other memorials
- A statue of Bartók stands in
- A statue stands outside Malvern Court, London, south of the South Kensington tube station, and just north of Sydney Place. An English Heritage blue plaque, unveiled in 1997, now commemorates Bartók at 7 Sydney Place, where he stayed when performing in London.[97][98]
- A statue of him was installed in front of the house in which Bartók spent his last eight years in Hungary, at Csalán út 29, in the hills above Budapest. It is now operated as the Béla Bartók Memorial House (Bartók Béla Emlékház).[99] Copies of this statue also stand in Makó (the closest Hungarian city to his birthplace, which is now in Romania), Paris, London and Toronto.[100]
- A bust and plaque located at his last residence, in New York City at 309 W. 57th Street, inscribed: "The Great Hungarian Composer / Béla Bartók / (1881–1945) / Made His Home In This House / During the Last Year of His Life".[101]
- A bust of him is located in the front yard of Ankara State Conservatory, Ankara, Turkey, next to the bust of Ahmet Adnan Saygun.[102]
- A bronze statue of Bartók, sculpted by Imre Varga in 2005, stands in the front lobby of The Royal Conservatory of Music, 273 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- A bronze bust of Bartók stands in the Anton Scudier Central Park in Timișoara, Romania. This park has an "Alley of Personalities", set up in 2009 and featuring busts of famous "Romanians". Sânnicolau Mare (Nagyszentmiklós in Hungarian), the small town where Bartók was born in 1881, is situated some 58 kilometres north-west of Timișoara, and is just inside Romania today, near the border with Hungary.
- A statue of Bartók, sculpted by Varga, stands near the river Seine in the public park at Square Béla Bartók , 26 place de Brazzaville, in Paris, France.[103]
- Also to be noted, in the same park, a sculptural transcription of the composer's research on tonal harmony, the fountain/sculpture Cristaux designed by Jean-Yves Lechevallier in 1980.
- An expressionist sculpture by Hungarian sculptor András Beck in Square Henri-Collet , Paris 16th arrondissement.
- A statue of him also stands in the city centre of Târgu Mureș, Romania.[102] ( Google Maps Márton Izsák )
- A statue (seated) of Bartók is also situated in front of Nako Castle, in his hometown, Nagyszentmiklós.[104] (Google Maps)
- Bartok has star on the Walk of Fame on Karlsplatz-Passage in Vienna.[105]
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- ISBN 978-0-500-20164-0.
- Griffiths, Paul. 1988. Bartók. London: JM Dent & Sons Ltd.
- Hooker, Lynn. 2001. "The Political and Cultural Climate in Hungary at the Turn of the Twentieth Century". In The Cambridge Companion to Bartók, edited by Amanda Bayley, 7–23. ISBN 978-0-521-66958-0(pbk).
- Hughes, Peter. 2001. "Béla Bartók" in Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography. [n.p.]: Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. Archive from 7 December 2013 (accessed 24 October 2017).
- Hughes, Peter. 2007. "Béla Bartók: Composer (1881–1945)". In Notable American Unitarians 1936–1961, edited by Herbert Vetter, 21–22. Cambridge: Harvard Square Library. ISBN 978-0-615-14784-0.
- Jones, Tom. 2012. "See Béla Bartók". Tired of London, Tired of Life blog site (8 October) (accessed 4 July 2014).
- Kory, Agnes. 2007. "Kodály, Bartók, and Fiddle Music in Bartók's Compositions". Béla Bartók Centre for Musicianship website (accessed 27 September 2018).
- OCLC 240301.
- Martins, José António Oliveira. 2006. "Dasian, Guidonian, and Affinity Spaces in Twentieth-century Music". Ph.D. diss. Chicago: University of Chicago.
- Matthews, Peter. 2012. "Bartók in New York". Feast of Music website (accessed 26 September 2018).[unreliable source?]
- Maurice, Donald. 2004. Bartók's Viola Concerto: The Remarkable Story of His Swansong. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195348118(accessed 19 October 2017)
- Moreux, Serge. 1953. Béla Bartók, translated G. S. Fraser and Erik de Mauny. London: The Harvill Press.
- Moreux. 1974. Béla Bartók, translated . New York: Vienna House.
- Móser, Zoltán. 2006a. "Szavak, feliratok, kivonatok". Tiszatáj 60, no. 3 (March): 41–45.
- Özgentürk, Nebil. 2008. Türkiye'nin Hatıra Defteri, episode 3. Istanbul: Bir Yudum İnsan Prodüksiyon LTD. ȘTİ. Turkish CNN television documentary series.
- ISBN 978-0-945193-37-1.
- Rockwell, John. 1982. "Kodaly Was More Than a Composer". The New York Times (12 December).
- Rodda, Richard E. 1990–2018. "String Quartet No. 1 in A minor, Op. 7/Sz 40: About the Work". The Kennedy Center website (accessed 27 September 2018).
- Schneider, David E. 2006. Bartók, Hungary, and the Renewal of Tradition: Case Studies in the Intersection of Modernity and Nationality. California Studies in 20th-Century Music 5. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24503-7.
- Sipos, János (ed.). 2000. In the Wake of Bartók in Anatolia 1: Collection Near Adana. Budapest: Ethnofon Records.
- ISBN 978-0-520-08485-8.
- Stevens, Halsey. 1964. The Life and Music of Béla Bartók, second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. ASIN: B000NZ54ZS
- Stevens, Halsey. 1993. The Life and Music of Béla Bartók, third edition, prepared by Malcolm Gillies. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198163497.
- Stevens, Halsey. 2018. "Béla Bartók: Hungarian Composer". Encyclopædia Britannica online (accessed 27 September 2018).
- Suchoff, Benjamin. 2001 Béla Bartók: Life and Work. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4076-8– via Google Books. (2001) (accessed 29 July 2019).
- Szabolcsi, Bence. 1974. "Bartók Béla: Cantata profana". In Miért szép századunk zenéje? (Why is the music of the Twentieth century so beautiful?), edited by György Kroó, [ISBN 978-963-280-015-8
- Szekernyés János. 2017. "Bartókék Nagyszentmiklóson" [Bartók in Nagyszentmiklós]. Művelődés 70 (July) (accessed 10 March 2019).
- Tudzin, Jessica Taylor. 2010. "Schooled in Bartók". Bohemian Ink blog site (2 August) (accessed 4 July 2014).
- Voices From The Past: Béla Bartók's 44 Duos & Original Field Recordings. OCLC 868907693.
- Wilhelm, Kurt (1989). Richard Strauss: An intimate Portrait. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Wilson, Paul. 1992. The Music of Béla Bartók. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05111-7.
Further reading
- "Polereczky család". Arcanum.hu website (accessed 30 December 2019).
- Bartók, Béla. 1976. "The Influence of Peasant Music on Modern Music (1931)". In Béla Bartók Essays, edited by Benjamin Suchoff, 340–44. London: OCLC 60900461
- Bartók, Béla. 1981. The Hungarian Folk Song Archived 4 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine, second English edition, edited by Benjamin Suchoff, translated by Michel D. Calvocoressi, with annotations by Zoltán Kodály. The New York Bartók Archive Studies in Musicology 13. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Bartók, Peter. 2002. "My Father". Homosassa, Florida, Bartók Records (ISBN 978-0-9641961-2-4).
- Bayley, Amanda (ed.). 2001. The Cambridge Companion to Bartók Archived 4 October 2023 at the ISBN 978-0-521-66958-0(pbk).
- Bónis, Ferenc. 2006. Élet-képek: Bartók Béla Archived 4 October 2023 at the ISBN 978-963-506-649-0.
- Boys, Henry. 1945. "Béla Bartók 1881–1945". The Musical Times 86, no. 1233 (November): 329–31.
- Cohn, Richard, 1992. "Bartók's Octatonic Strategies: A Motivic Approach." Journal of the American Musicological Society 44
- Czeizel, Endre. 1992. Családfa: honnan jövünk, mik vagyunk, hová megyünk? [Budapest]: Kossuth Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-09-3569-2
- Decca. 2016. "Béla Bartók: Complete Works: Int. Release 18 Mar. 2016: 32 CDs, 0289 478 9311 0 Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine". Welcome to Decca Classics: Catalogue, www.deccaclassics.com (accessed 19 August 2016).
- Fassett, Agatha, 1958. The Naked Face of Genius: Béla Bartók's American Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Jyrkiäinen, Reijo. 2012. "Form, Monothematicism, Variation and Symmetry in Béla Bartók's String Quartets". Ph.D. diss. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-952-10-8040-1 (Abstract).
- Kárpáti, János. 1975. Bartók's String Quartets, translated by Fred MacNicol. Budapest: Corvina Press.
- Kasparov, Andrey. 2000. "Third Piano Concerto in the Revised 1994 Edition: Newly Discovered Corrections by the Composer". Hungarian Music Quarterly 11, nos. 3–4:2–11.
- Leafstedt, Carl S. 1999. Inside Bluebeard's Castle. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510999-3
- Lendvai, Ernő. 1972. "Einführung in die Formen- und Harmoniewelt Bartóks" (1953). In his Béla Bartók: Weg und Werk, edited by Bence Szabolcsi, 105–49. Kassel: Bärenreiter.
- Loxdale, Hugh D., and Adalbert Balog. 2009. "Béla Bartók: Musician, Musicologist, Composer, and Entomologist!." Antenna – Bulletin of the Royal Entomological Society of London33, no. 4:175–82.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5356-0.
- Martins, José Oliveira. 2015. "Bartók's Polymodality: the Dasian and other Affinity Spaces". Journal of Music Theory 59, no. 2 (October): 273–320.
- Móser, Zoltán. 2006b. "Bartók-õsök Gömörben". Honismeret: A Honismereti Szövetség folyóirata [permanent dead link] 34, no. 2 (April): 9–11.
- Nelson, David Taylor (2012). "Béla Bartók: The Father of Ethnomusicology", Musical Offerings: Vol. 3: No. 2, Article 2. Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- Sluder, Claude K. 1994. "Revised Bartók Composition Highlights Pro Musica Concert". The Republic(16 February).
- Smith, Erik. 1965. A discussion between István Kertész and the producer. DECCA Records (liner notes for Bluebeard's Castle).
- Somfai, László. 1981. Tizennyolc Bartók-tanulmány [Eighteen Bartók Studies]. Budapest: Zeneműkiadó. ISBN 978-963-330-370-2.
- Wells, John C. 1990. "Bartók", in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 63. Harlow, England: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-05383-0
External links
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How to use archival material |
- Works by or about Béla Bartók at Internet Archive
- Bartók Béla Memorial House, Budapest Archived 12 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- The Belgian Bartók Archives, housed in the Brussels Royal Library and founded by Denijs Dille Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- "Discovering Bartók". BBC Radio 3.
- Gallery of Bartók portraits
- Virtual Exhibition on Bartók
- Finding aid to Béla Bartók manuscripts at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.