Basin and Range Province
The Basin and Range Province is a vast
The numerous ranges within the province in the United States are collectively referred to as the "Great Basin Ranges", although many are not actually in the
The Basin and Range Province should not be confused with the Great Basin, a region defined by its unique hydrological characteristics (internal drainage) that overlaps much of the greater Basin and Range physiographic region. Nor should it be confused with the Basin and Range National Monument, located in Southern Nevada, which is one small part of the much larger province.
Geography
The Basin and Range Province includes much of western
Evidence suggests that the less-recognized southern portion of the province is bounded on the east by the
Common geographic features include numerous
.Geology
It is generally accepted that basin and range topography is the result of extension and thinning of the
The average crustal thickness of the Basin and Range Province is approximately 30–35 km and is comparable to extended continental crust around the world.[4] The crust in conjunction with the upper mantle comprises the lithosphere. The base of the lithosphere beneath the Basin and Range is estimated to be about 60–70 km.[5] Opinions vary regarding the total extension of the region; however, the median estimate is about 100% total lateral extension.[6] Total lateral displacement in the Basin and Range varies from 60 to 300 km since the onset of extension in the Early Miocene with the southern portion of the province representing a greater degree of displacement than the north. Evidence exists to suggest that extension initially began in the southern Basin and Range and propagated north over time.[7]
Clarence Dutton famously compared the many narrow parallel mountain ranges that distinguish the unique topography of the Basin and Range to an "army of caterpillars crawling northward."[8]
Tectonics
The tectonic mechanisms responsible for lithospheric extension in the Basin and Range province are controversial, and several competing hypotheses attempt to explain them. Key events preceding Basin and Range extension in the western United States include a long period of compression due to the
The tectonic activity responsible for the extension in the Basin and Range is a complex and controversial issue among the geoscience community. The most accepted hypothesis suggests that crustal
Metamorphic core complexes
In some localities in the Basin and Range, metamorphic basement is visible at the surface. Some of these are metamorphic core complexes (MCC), an idea that was first developed based on studies in this province. A metamorphic core complex occurs when lower crust is brought to the surface as a result of extension. MCCs in the Basin and Range were not interpreted as being related to crustal extension until after the 1960s. Since then, similar deformational patterns have been identified in MCCs in the Basin and Range and has led geologists to examine them as a group of related geologic features formed by crustal extension during the Cenozoic era (66.0 million years ago to present). The study of metamorphic core complexes has provided valuable insight into the extensional processes driving Basin and Range formation.[15]
Volcanism
Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ±0.2 to 33.9 ±0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast, the angle of subduction was shallow, and the slab width was huge. During the
Volcanic areas
- Great Basin volcanism:
- Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)
- Réveille Range and Lunar Crater volcanic field
- Indian Peak volcanic field, Nevada/Utah
- Marysvale volcanic field, Utah
- Mogollon-Datil volcanic field:
- The Jemez Lineament:
- Trans-Pecos volcanic field:
Mineral resources
In addition to small amounts of
See also
- Cascade-Sierra province
- Intermontane Plateaus § Basin and Range Province
- List of United States physiographic regions
- Mesa
- Northern Snake Range metamorphic core complex
References
- ^ "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)". United States Geological Survey. September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
- .
- S2CID 73617479.
- ^ Mooney, Walter D; Braile, Lawrence W (1989). "The seismic structure of the continental crust and upper mantle of North America". The Geology of North America – An Overview. Geological Society of America. p. 42.
- .
- ^ "Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province". USGS. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25.
- .
- doi:10.3133/ar6.
- ^ a b c Riney, Brad (2000). "Plate Tectonics". Ocean Oasis Field Guide. San Diego Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 5 Dec 2010.
- ^ "Basin and Range Province – Tertiary Extension". Digital Geology of Idaho. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 5 Dec 2010.
- ^ a b Stanley, SM (2005). Earth system history. New York: Freeman.
- ^ Cengage, Gale (2003). Lerner, Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (eds.). "Basin and Range Topography". World of Earth Science. eNotes.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 5 Dec 2010.
- ^ Stern, Robert J (2010-09-01), "Rifts", Physics and Chemistry of the Solid Earth (Class Notes), Dallas, Texas: University of Texas at Dallas
- S2CID 129417881.
- ^ Rystrom, VL (2000). "Metamorphic Core Complexes". Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 5 Dec 2010.
- .
- ^ "Northwest Origins, An Introduction to the Geologic History of Washington State, Catherine L. Townsend and John T. Figge". The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
- ^ "Oregon: A Geologic History". Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Archived from the original on 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- ^ "Digital Geology of Idaho, Laura DeGrey and Paul Link". Idaho State University. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
- ISBN 978-0521438117.
Further reading
- Baldridge, W. Scott (13 May 2004). Geology of the American Southwest: A Journey Through Two Billion Years of Plate Tectonic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521016667.
- Fiero, Bill (2009). Geology of the Great Basin. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0874177909.
- Plummer; McGeary; Carlson (1999). Physical Geology (Eighth ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 321, 513, 514. ISBN 978-0697374042.
- ISBN 978-0374516901.
- Schellart, W.P.; Stegman, D.R.; Farrington, R.J.; Freeman, J.; S2CID 12044269.
- .
External links
- Media related to Basin and Range Province at Wikimedia Commons