Basophil

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about a type of blood cell. For the endocrine cell of the anterior pituitary, see basophil cell.
Basophil
3D rendering of a basophil
Dyed basophil among red blood cells
Details
SystemImmune system
Identifiers
MeSHD001491
THH2.00.04.1.02022
FMA62862
Anatomical terms of microanatomy

Basophils are a type of

hay fever.[2] They also produce compounds that coordinate immune responses, including histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting,[3] although there are less than that found in mast cell granules.[4] Mast cells were once thought to be basophils that migrated from the blood into their resident tissues (connective tissue), but they are now known to be different types of cells.[5]

Basophils were discovered in 1879 by German physician Paul Ehrlich, who one year earlier had found a cell type present in tissues that he termed mastzellen (now mast cells).[6] Ehrlich received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes, as shown in the picture.

Structure

Basophils contain large

hematopoiesis, and mast cells usually do not circulate in the blood stream, but instead are located in connective tissue. Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils can be recruited out of the blood
into a tissue when needed.

Function

Reference ranges for blood tests of white blood cells, comparing basophil amount (shown in violet) with other cells.

Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin,[8] which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. They can be found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection (e.g., ticks).

Like

helminth
antigens).

Recent studies in mice suggest that basophils may also regulate the behavior of T cells and mediate the magnitude of the secondary immune response.[10]

CD200

Basophil function is inhibited by

Herpesvirus-6, herpesvirus-7, and herpesvirus-8 produce a CD200 homolog which also inhibits basophil function. This suggests that basophils may play a role in the immune response to these viruses.[11] The role of basophils in the immune response to these viruses is further supported by findings that the CD200 receptor is expressed more frequently in basophils than in other circulating leukocytes.[12]

Secretions

Basophils arise and mature in

IgE antibody by the immune system. There are other substances that can activate basophils to secrete which suggests that these cells have other roles in inflammation.[13]

The degranulation of basophils can be investigated in vitro by using

contrast medium), the BAT is of great impact.[14]

urticaria[15] (a chronic itching condition). Basophilia is also uncommon but may be seen in some forms of leukemia or lymphoma
.

Clinical significance

Immunophenotyping

Basophils of mice and humans have consistent immunophenotypes, including

B220−, CD3−, γδTCR−, αβTCR−, α4 and β4-integrin negative.[16]

Recently, Heneberg

ectoenzyme CD203c).[17]

Allergy diagnosis

Basophils are easily isolated from venous blood and present good "indicator cells" of an IgE-mediated allergic response based on the upregulation of activation markers such as CD63 and/or CD203c upon suspect allergen stimulation.[18] Therefore, the BAT serves to confirm IgE-mediated allergy following uncertain results from classical testing based on anamnesis, skin testing or specific IgE results. More recently, BAT has also been used for the monitoring of successful allergen immunotherapy (desensitization) to differentiate short-term desensitization versus sustained unresponsiveness to the allergen.[19]

Etymology and pronunciation

The word basophil uses

combining forms of baso- + -phil, yielding "base
-loving".

Additional images

  • Blood cell lineage
    Blood cell lineage
  • Alternate stain of a basophil
    Alternate stain of a basophil

See also

References

  1. ^ "Blood differential test". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  2. ISBN 978-0470016176. Archived from the original on 2016-05-01. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help
    )
  3. ISBN 978-81-8147-850-4. Archived
    from the original on 2018-05-04.
  4. PMID 20176269
    .
  5. PMID 20362540
    .
  6. S2CID 31710697
    .
  7. ^ "Basophil". medcell.med.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  8. ^ Lim, Gregory (17 December 2017). "Discovery and purification of heparin". Nature Reviews Cardiology.
  9. PMID 19782643
    .
  10. PMID 21095110
    .
  11. PMID 16177086
    .
  12. PMID 19134017
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-8153-3642-6
    .
  14. S2CID 20951263
    .
  15. S2CID 30477970
    .
  16. PMID 19231594
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 22103846
    .
  18. S2CID 24598924
    .
  19. PMID 33381123
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basophils.
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