Batroun
Batroun
البترون Botrys | |
---|---|
City | |
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Dialing code | +961 (6) Landline |
Batroun (
Etymology
Batroun appears in
History
Batroun is likely the "Batruna" mentioned in the Amarna letters dating to the 14th century B.C.[1] Batroun was mentioned by the ancient geographers Strabo,[6] Pliny,[7] Ptolemy, Stephanus of Byzantium,[8] and Hierocles. Theophanes the Confessor called the city "Bostrys."[9]
The
The city was under Roman rule to
In 551, Batroun was destroyed by
Three
Batroun was controlled by the Crusaders in 1104,[14] to be known as the Lordship of Botrun as part of the County of Tripoli, until it was conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate in 1289.[15] One of Batroun's archaeological sites is Mseilha Fort, which is constructed on an isolated massive rock with steep sides protruding in the middle of a plain surrounded by mountains.[16]
Under
Economy and urban development
Historically, the city of Batroun was settled at the interface between the sea and the national road that connected Beirut to Tripoli.
Lately, the radical shift of the historical functions of the local economic tissue into a leisure service-based economy (nightclubs, bars, restaurants, stores, etc.) has become the unique and only lever of the development of the city.[18] The economic metamorphosis has resulted in the resettlement of housing towards emerging city suburbs (nearby hills: New Batroun, Batroun Hills, Basbina, etc.) consequently to the overvaluation of the real estate market in the city centre. It clearly reveals here the constitution of a business city-centre (dedicated to leisure and business) balanced by the constitution of residential suburbs, where accelerated urban sprawl has led to the destruction of natural lands (pinewood and orange groves) and to the fatal rise in land prices.[19]
Tourism
In 2009, the Batroun International Festival was born. It began hosting leading local and international artists. The festival takes place usually in July and/or August of each year in the old harbor area.
Demography
The people of Batroun are mainly
Politics
Elections, municipal and parliamentary, in Batroun have seen increasing interest, namely in the context of local and national struggle for power. The current serving Mayor of Batroun is Marcelino El Harek.
Landmarks
- The Ancient Sea Wall
- El-Bahsa beach
- Makaad El Mir
- El-Mseilha Fort
- St. Stephan's Cathedral
- Historic Souk
See also
References
- ^ a b Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915). Die El-Amarna-Tafeln. Vol. 2. Leipzig. p. 1165.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Hill, George Francis (1965). Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia. Arnaldo Forni - Editore. p. lix.
- ^ "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon". cal.huc.edu.
- .
- .
- ^ Strabo, Geographica, 16.2.18 (Greek source and English translation)
- Naturalis Historiae, 5.17 (Latin source and English translation)
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Cum annotationibus L. Holsteinii, A. Berkelii et Th. de Pinedo. Vol. I, cum Guilielmi Dindorfii praefatione, cui insunt lectiones libri Vratislav, Leipzig, 1825, p. 117
- ^ Malalas, Chronogr., XVIII, in P.G., XCVII, 543, cited in Bothrys - Catholic Encyclopedia article
- ^ (Menander, in Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, VIII, xiii, 2), cited in Bothrys - Catholic Encyclopedia article
- ^ Hill, George Francis (1965). Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia. Arnaldo Forni - Editore. p. lx.
- ^ Malalas, Chronogr., XVIII, in P.G., XCVII, 704, cited in Bothrys - Catholic Encyclopedia article
- ^ "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Earth-prints.org. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 98.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 407.
- ^ Batroun.com Archived 2010-04-16 at the Wayback Machine - Batroun Official Website
- ^ "Eparchy of Batrun (Maronite)". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- doi:10.22034/saues.2018.02.01. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ Sfeir, Nagi (2013). "Realurbanism: or the Urban Realpolitik. Towards a " Spatialisation " of the Realist Paradigm from International Relations Theories »" (PDF). Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. 4 (1): 1–10.
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Bothrys". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ "Botrys". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ David M. Cheney (2012-10-24). "Its Bishops and Dioceses, Current and Past". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- Citations
- Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
- ISBN 0-521-06163-6.