Battle of Black Jack
Battle of Black Jack | |||||||
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Part of Bleeding Kansas | |||||||
A sign showing the surrender point of Henry Pate on the Black Jack Battle site. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Free-State Abolitionists |
Slave State | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
John Brown Samuel T. Shore [1] | Lieut. Brockett[2] | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
30 | 75-80[2] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
unknown | 29 prisoners[2] |
Black Jack Battlefield | |
Location | near Baldwin City, Kansas |
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Coordinates | 38°45′42″N 95°7′50″W / 38.76167°N 95.13056°W |
Area | 59 acres (24 ha) |
NRHP reference No. | 04000365 (original) 04001373 (increase) |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | April 28, 2004 |
Boundary increase | June 6, 2005 |
Designated NHL | October 16, 2012 |
The Battle of Black Jack took place on June 2, 1856, when
Background
In 1854, the
On May 21, 1856, Henry Clay Pate participated with a posse of 750 pro-slavery forces in the sacking of Lawrence. The next day, Congressman Preston Brooks from South Carolina physically attacked Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts in the Senate chambers. Three days later, a band of men, led by John Brown and comrade Captain Shore, executed five pro-slavery men with broadswords at Pottawatomie Creek. This incident became known as the Pottawatomie massacre.
In response to the massacre, Pate, recently granted the title of "Deputy United States Marshal", set out with a pro-slavery militia to either capture or kill John Brown. They took prisoner two of Brown's sons (John Brown Jr. and Jason), as well as some other Free-State men.[2]
Battle
On June 1, 1856, six of Pate's men led a raid on two locations: Palymra and Prairie City. At Palymra, they successfully took several prisoners, but at Prairie City they suffered two wounded and retreated back to Pate's camp. At about 10pm, Brown's party set out to find Pate's men, and discovered their camp in a grove near the town of Black Jack the next morning.[2]
Brown and his men dismounted at a distance of roughly 200-300 yards from Pate's camp. Brown (armed with a revolver) and Shore led their men in the approach to the camp, opening fire once within range of the Sharps rifles carried by Shore's men. After a period of sustained fire by the Free-State forces, Pate offered a conditional surrender in which they would retain their arms, which Brown rejected.[2]
Pate's men slowly began to mount their horses in an attempt to retreat, but six of them had their horses shot down. Eventually, a second flag of truce was raised, this time with an offer of unconditional surrender accepted by Brown.[2]
At the end of the three-hour[3] battle, Pate and 28 of his men were taken prisoner.
Brown later referred to the event as "the first regular battle between free-state and pro-slavery forces in Kansas".[3]
Pate's 1859 interview of Brown
During the month between John Brown's death sentence and his execution, Pate traveled to Charles Town from his home in Petersburg, Virginia to interview him, and prepare a joint statement, witnessed by jailor John Avis, that Pate had printed.[4]
Town of Black Jack
The town of Black Jack was established in 1855 as a trail town on the Santa Fe Trail. The town became incorporated in 1857 and the threat of border warfare was still a problem in Black Jack. At its peak, Black Jack contained a tavern, post office, blacksmiths, a hotel, general store, doctor's office, schools and two churches but by the end of the Civil War, Santa Fe traffic began to dwindle and soon the town was abandoned.[3]
Legacy
The site of the battle is located near
In 1970, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of Baldwin City, Baker University professor and playwright Don Mueller (not to be confused with the baseball player of the same name) and Phyllis E. Braun, Business Manager, produced a musical play entitled The Ballad of Black Jack to tell the story of the events that led up to the battle. The Ballad of Black Jack played as part of the city's Maple Leaf Festival from 1970 to 1983 and again from 2001 to 2005. It also played in nearby Lawrence in 1986 and in 2006 and 2007 as a part of Lawrence's Civil War On The Western Frontier program. The play returned to Lawrence in 2021 after a 14-year hiatus.
In 2012 the National Park Service designated the battlefield a National Historic Landmark.[5][6]
See also
- List of battles fought in Kansas
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Kansas
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County, Kansas
- Pate's visit to Brown in the Charles Town jail
References
- ISBN 978-0375726156.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Columbia University Libraries: History of the state of Kansas (History of Kansas)". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ a b c "Battle of Black Jack: The story behind the 'first Civil War battle' in Kansas". FOX 4 Kansas City WDAF-TV | News, Weather, Sports. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ Pate, Henry Clay (1859). John Brown. Published by the author. New York.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ National Historic Landmark nomination
- ^ Black Jack Battlefield designated as National Historic Landmark / LJWorld.com
External links
- The Black Jack Battlefield and Nature Trust
- "Santa Fe Trail Site Archived 2009-04-18 at the Wayback Machine" View From USGS Aerial Photographs.