Battle of Boroughbridge

Coordinates: 54°05′49″N 01°23′45″W / 54.09694°N 1.39583°W / 54.09694; -1.39583
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Battle of Boroughbridge
Part of Despenser War

Map of the battlefield
Date16 March 1322
Location54°05′49″N 01°23′45″W / 54.09694°N 1.39583°W / 54.09694; -1.39583
Result Royalist victory
Belligerents
Royalists Contrariants
Commanders and leaders
Andrew Harclay
John Peche
Earl of Lancaster Executed
Earl of Hereford 
Baron Clifford Executed
Strength
c. 4,000 c. 1,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The Battle of Boroughbridge was fought on 16 March 1322 in England between a group of rebellious barons and the forces of King

Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, his most powerful subject, it resulted in Lancaster's defeat and execution, ending the Despenser War
. This allowed Edward to re-establish royal authority and hold on to power for almost five more years.

Though not a part of the Wars of Scottish Independence, the battle is significant for its employment of tactics learned in the Scottish wars in a domestic, English conflict. Both the extensive use of foot soldiers rather than cavalry and the heavy impact caused by the longbow represented significant steps in military developments.

Background

father by the same name.[5]

In 1319 the King and Lancaster fell out during a failed campaign against Scotland.[6] The next year Lancaster refused to attend a parliament summoned by the King, and later the same year Edward obtained papal absolution from his oath to follow the Ordinances.[4] Meanwhile an inheritance dispute had broken out in the Welsh Marches between the Despensers and certain marcher lords, including Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford.[7] Lancaster now took the initiative with the discontented. In 1321 he summoned two meetings of magnates, one at Lancaster's residence of Pontefract in March and the other at Sherburn in June.[8] The meetings consisted of northern and marcher lords as well as Lancaster's own retainers, but little assistance was forthcoming from the northerners. The marcher rebellion and the threat of civil war forced the King to exile the younger Despenser, but the favourite was recalled within weeks.[4]

Edward now seized the initiative and moved northwards. Lancaster convened one final meeting at

Robert I of Scotland to strengthen his hand against the King.[9] In January 1322 Edward crossed the River Severn and secured the surrender of several of the marcher lords while Lancaster remained passive.[10] As the royal army crossed the River Trent after the Battle of Burton Bridge Lancaster was forced to flee north.[11] On 16 March Lancaster and his army had reached Boroughbridge by the River Ure, where they were joined by the Earl's Secretary, Sir Robert de Holland, and the force he had raised in Lancashire.[12] There they were cut off by the forces of Sir Andrew Harclay, a veteran of the Scottish wars, who had gathered the levies from the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland.[11]

Battle

Battle of Boroughbridge is located in the United Kingdom
Battle of Boroughbridge
Map showing the location of Boroughbridge within England

When Lancaster arrived at the town of Boroughbridge, Harclay was already in possession of the bridge over the river. The rebel forces counted probably no more than 700 knights and men-at-arms against the 4,000 or so soldiers in the royal army.[13][14] Lancaster initially tried to negotiate but Harclay could not be swayed.[13] Since there was no realistic alternative place to cross the river and with the royal forces in pursuit from the south, the rebels had no choice but to fight. The ensuing battle was short and one-sided.[15]

Harclay had deployed his men on foot to hold the bridge from the northern side.

Roger de Clifford, attacking the bridge on foot, the other under Lancaster, trying to cross the ford by horse.[11] According to a graphic description in the chronicle the Brut, Hereford was killed as he crossed the bridge by a pikeman hiding underneath, who thrust his spear up through the earl's anus.[15][18][19] Clifford was also severely injured, and that column of the army fell into disarray. Lancaster's party fared little better; under heavy archery fire his cavalry was cut off before it even reached the ford, and was forced to retreat.[19] This event shows an early—if not entirely novel—effective use of the longbow against cavalry, a tactic which was to become central to future English military success.[17]

Lancaster negotiated a truce with Harclay, and withdrew to the town. During the night a great number of the rebels deserted, and the next day the

sheriff of York arrived from the south with additional forces. Lancaster, now greatly outnumbered and with no chance of retreat, had no choice but to surrender to Harclay.[20]

Aftermath

Monument for the Battle of Boroughbridge in nearby Aldborough

Thomas of Lancaster was taken to Pontefract Castle, which by then had fallen to the King. There he was submitted to what was little more than a show trial and—in front of a gathering of earls and barons—sentenced to death.[21] On 22 March 1322 he was led out of the castle and beheaded in front of a jeering crowd.[22] Subsequently a cult emerged around the person of the late earl as a martyr and even a possible saint.[23] Lancaster had shown no signs of extraordinary piety nor other personal abilities during his lifetime and the cult has been interpreted as a reaction to the incompetent and oppressive reign of Edward II.[15][24]

Some thirty of Lancaster's followers were also executed,

Clifford's Tower
in York, which is now named after him.

Andrew Harclay was richly rewarded for his loyal and competent performance at Boroughbridge. On 25 March he was created Earl of Carlisle and promised lands worth 1,000 marks yearly. Yet Harclay, who had turned down Lancaster's overtures to join in the rebellion, was no great adherent of the King. As a warden of the Scottish Marches he grew constantly more frustrated with the King's idleness, and eventually negotiated a peace treaty with the Scots. This action on Harclay's part amounted to treason and early in 1323 he was apprehended by the King's men and hanged, drawn and quartered.[28]

As for Edward II himself, his dependence on the Despensers grew only deeper and their transgressions more severe.[29] Lancaster's supporters (including Roger Mortimer, William Trussell and Robert de Holland) found themselves systematically accused of false charges, being imprisoned and having their lands taken over by the Despensers. Mortimer and Trussell eventually fled to Paris, where they were to be joined by Edward's estranged wife, Isabella, who may have become Mortimer's lover.

In 1327 Isabella and Mortimer staged a coup against the King. Edward II was deposed and his son,

Edward III, succeeded him.[30]

References

  1. ^ Prestwich (2005), p. 178.
  2. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 92–4.
  3. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 2–3, 9.
  4. ^ a b c Maddicott, John. "Thomas of Lancaster, second earl of Lancaster, second earl of Leicester, and earl of Lincoln". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^ McKisack (1959), p. 58.
  6. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 247–9.
  7. ^ McKisack (1959), pp. 58–61.
  8. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 268–9.
  9. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 295, 302–3.
  10. ^ McKisack (1959), pp. 65–6.
  11. ^ a b c McKisack (1959), p. 66.
  12. ^ Holland 1902
  13. ^ a b Maddicott (1970), p. 311.
  14. ^ "The Armies & the Losses". The Battlefields Trust. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  15. ^ a b c Prestwich (2005), p. 201.
  16. ^ a b "Deployments". The Battlefields Trust. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  17. ^ from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  18. . Retrieved 22 March 2019. And as the noble lorde stode and fauʒt oppon þe brugge, a þef, a ribaude, scolkede vnder þe brigge, and fersly wiþ a spere smote the noble knyght into þe fondement, so þhat his bowailles comen out þhere.
  19. ^ a b "The Action". The Battlefields Trust. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  20. ^ McKisack (1959), pp. 66–7.
  21. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 311–2.
  22. ^ McKisack (1959), p. 67.
  23. S2CID 155067219
    .
  24. ^ Maddicott (1970), pp. 329–30.
  25. ^ "Capture". The Battlefields Trust. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  26. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5658. Retrieved 19 July 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  27. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19450. Retrieved 19 July 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  28. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12235. Retrieved 19 July 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  29. .
  30. ^ Prestwich (2005), pp. 213–20.

Sources

External sources