Battle of Gol-Zarriun
Battle of Gol-Zarriun | |||||||||
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Part of Hephthalite–Persian Wars | |||||||||
Turkic horsemen on the Miho funerary couch, c.570 CE.[1] | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Sasanian Empire First Turkic Khaganate |
Hephthalite Empire | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Khosrow I Istämi | Ghadfar | ||||||||
The Battle of Gol-Zarriun,
Context
In 484,
After a stable peace agreement with the Byzantines in the west, Khosrow I was able to focus his attention on the Eastern
The Hephthalites possessed military power, but they lacked the organization to fight on multiple fronts. According to the account of
Aftermath
The Hephthalite Empire was destroyed after the battle, and broke into several minor kingdoms, such as the one ruled by the Hephthalite prince Faghanish in Chaghaniyan. Ghadfar and what was left of his men fled southward to Sasanian territory, where they took refuge.[7] Meanwhile, the Turkic Khagan Sinjibu reached an agreement with the Hephthalite nobility, and appointed Faghanish as the new Hephthalite king.[8]
This was much to the dislike of Khosrow I, who considered the Turkic collaboration with the Hephthalites to pose a danger for his rule in the east, and thus marched towards the Sasanian-Turkic border in Gurgan. When he reached the place, he was met by a Turkic delegate of Sinjibu that presented him gifts.[8] There Khosrow asserted his authority and military potency, and persuaded the Turks to make an alliance with him. The alliance contained a treaty that made it obligatory for Faghanish to be sent to the Sasanian court in Ctesiphon and gain the approval of Khosrow for his status as Hephthalite king.[8] Faghanish and his kingdom of Chaghaniyan thus became a vassal of the Sasanian Empire, which set the Oxus as the eastern frontier of the Sasanians and Turks.[9][2] However, friendly relations between the Turks and the Sasanians quickly deteriorated after that. Both the Turks and the Sasanians wanted to dominate the Silk Road and the trade between the west and the far east.[6] In 568, a Turkish ambassador was sent to the Byzantine Empire to propose an alliance and a two-pronged attack on the Sassanian Empire, but nothing came of this.[10]
References
- ^ Inagaki, Hajime. Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM. Miho Museum. p. 121, panel 8.
- ^ a b Bivar 2003, pp. 198–201.
- ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 141.
- ^ Baumer 2018, p. 97–99.
- ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0.
- ^ a b Frye 1984.
- ^ Rezakhani 2017, pp. 141–142.
- ^ a b c Rezakhani 2017, p. 142.
- ^ Litvinsky & Dani 1996, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Dingas & Winter 2007, p. 115.
Sources
- Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). The History of Central Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.. 4-volume set.
- Dingas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
- Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2009). "Kadagistān". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 3. London et al. pp. 324–325.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305.
- ISBN 9783406093975.
The history of ancient iran.
- Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). "Bahrām VI Čōbīn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. London et al. pp. 514–522.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Howard-Johnston, James. "ḴOSROW II". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
- Litvinsky, B. A.; Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 1–569. ISBN 9789231032110.
- Bivar, A. D. H. (2003). "Hephthalites". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2. London et al. pp. 198–201.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)