Battle of Cassano (1799)

Yakov Povalo-Shveikovsky
Michael von Melas
Johann Chasteler
Michael von Fröhlich
Konrad von Kaim
Peter Ott
Philipp Vukassovich
Friedrich Hohenzollern-Hechingen
Friedrich von Seckendorff
Johann Zopf

Claude Victor-Perrin
Jean Sérurier (POW)
François Quesnel
Nicolas Beker
Louis Soyez [fr]
Georges Kister [fr]
François Argod [fr] †

• Bagration's Advance Guard
  ;
• Rosenberg's Corps
  ;
• Vukassovich's Division
  ;
• Ott's Division;
• Zopf's Division;
• Fröhlich and Kaim's Division.
  Beyond that:
  • Seckendorff's Detachment;
  • Hohenzollern's Detachment.

Army of Italy:

• Sérurier's Division;
• Grenier's Division;
• Victor's Division;
• Laboissière's Detachment.

2,000–2,500 killed and wounded^[v]

6,900–7,500 killed, wounded and captured^[x]

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Location within Europe

War of the Second Coalition:
Italy

50km
30miles

Marengo

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

Verona

1

  

  current battle

  Napoleon in command

  Napoleon not in command

The Battle of Cassano (

Battle of the Adda River

Schérer relied on the advantages of his defensive position, as the river is wide and deep, has very few fords and in its upper part, as far as Cassano, flows in elevated steep banks, of which the right, occupied by the French, prevails over the left. But Schérer failed to take all the advantages of this natural defensive line.^[11] He scattered 28,000 men over 100 kilometres (62 mi) along the river, nowhere having sufficient forces for defense. Suvorov separated Hohenzollern with 6,000 men to Pizzighettone and Seckendorff to Lodi to conduct diversionary operations,^[15][46] and with a main body of 35,000^[11] to 36,000 men concentrated offensive on the bulk of the French line. The disposition for April 26 instructed Ott's division to organize the crossing at Capriate San Gervasio.^[15]

The Adda battle on 26 and 27 April was divided into three different clashes: the combat of Lecco, where Suvorov sent Bagration's Russians, most likely as a distraction, and Rosenberg's corps was also on its way there;^[40] the combats near Trezzo sull'Adda and Vaprio d'Adda, where mostly Austrians were concentrated,—these fights proved decisive for the allied victory; and the combat around the fortified position of Cassano, where Melas' Austrians had been sent, they would go to the rear of the French at an end of battle with their flanking maneuver; it would be by the time the fight at Vaprio is won by the Allies, however, this manoeuvre will force Moreau to retreat in a different direction. On 28 April, at Verderio, a French detachment cut off from the main army would lay down its arms after a brief battle.

Lecco

On the night of April 26, Prince Bagration reported that Lecco was heavily occupied by the French. Assuming the entire division of Sérurier there, Suvorov stopped Vukassovich at Caprino and the entire Russian division in order, if necessary, to support Bagration, who moved to Lecco with his regiment of jaegers, Lomonosov combined battalion and all Cossack regiments.^[15]

On the same date, Bagration, following a mountain gorge, at 8 o'clock in the morning met a small advanced French unit 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Lecco, overturned it and approached the city, occupied by 4 battalions, 1

Mikhail Miloradovich took out carts and rushed with Dendrygin grenadier battalion at a time when the French were flanking Bagration from the village of Germanedo. Being higher in rank than Bagration, he refused to accept command over the detachment, saying:

"There is no place to be considered ranks here."

and left Bagration to finish the job, which he had begun so successfully. The arriving battalion stopped the detour movement of the French; soon 2 battalions approached with the head of the division, Povalo-Shveikovsky, and the city was again occupied by the Russians;^[15][17] the French cavalry, crashing into the Russian column, was slaughtered. Meanwhile, the French, standing on the right bank of the Adda, began to cross in boats between Olginate and Brivio, to the rear of the Russian troops. Due to the difficulty of moving along the gorge road, the Russian artillery was left under the cover of a battalion (Baranovsky^[48]); the artillery met the French troops, and General Shveikovsky himself rushed there;^[48] the French were overwhelmed. The battle lasted 12 hours, from 8 am to 8 pm. The French fought hard, but left 100 prisoners behind, the number of killed and wounded is unknown; the Russians lost 385 men KIA or WIA; Bagration was among the wounded.^[15][16] It was impossible to start the crossing on the same day.^[15] However, the Russians managed to seize the bridge.^[49]

Meantime, Vukassovich approached Brivio, which was very weakly occupied, beginning to arrange a crossing, and therefore the Russians moved away from Lecco, settling down for the night between Lecco and Brivio. Waiting for a report on the outcome of the battle on the right flank, Suvorov postponed the crossing at San Gervasio until the night of April 27.^[15] In all, 4,993 Russians including approached reinforcements, and 5,000 French participated in this clash.

Eventually the French withdrew on rafts northwards from Lecco territory (night of 27–28 April), knowing that Adda had already been forced by the Allies elsewhere and that the road behind them would soon be cut off.^[15]

Vaprio & Cassano

On April 27, on orders from Paris, Schérer, completely out of his depth, handed over army command to the more capable MG Moreau.^[15][50] When news of the change in command reached Suvorov he remarked:^[51]

Here too I can see the hand of Providence. There would have been no great glory in fighting it out with a charlatan. But to beat Moreau — that would be something worth doing.

At midnight on 27 April, Ott began building a pontoon bridge at Trezzo. The point for crossing was very inconvenient from the theoretical point of view: the steepness of the bank made it difficult to launch the pontoons on the water; the winding, fast flow of the river and the rocky bottom prevented the convenience of the bridge; but the French did not pay attention to this inconvenient place (the 2nd Battalion of the 33rd Line Demi-Brigade,^[19] left by Sérurier at Trezzo, occupied the castle but had no posts on the bank itself), the night darkness covered the work, the river was not wide, so that only 7 pontoons were needed. The pontooner officer reported the impossibility of making a bridge at this place. Then Marquess Johann Gabriel Chasteler, chief of staff, who had already learnt Suvorov's notions of intransigence in overcoming obstacles, arrived at the crossing point and took decisive measures.^[52]

It was already tough for the French to rectify the situation: the Russians and Austrians surreptitiously pass through Adda in the centre of the French position near San Gervasio, in a places considered unsuitable for crossing.^[40] A number of jaegers and volunteers from Nádasdy battalion crossed by boat and occupied the right bank to secure the bridge. They started putting in pontoons; the work was done in perfect silence, and by daybreak the bridge was ready. Only in the morning did the French battalion notice its blunder, but it was too late: 6 companies of d'Aspré's jaegers and several Cossack sotnias crossed the bridge, followed by Ott's division, then Denisov, Molchanov, and Grekov Cossack regiments that arrived very quickly from Lecco; at last Zopf's division also moved.^[52] The Cossack regiment of Denisov^[53] overtook the French battalion from the rear; pursued by Ott's head battalions, it had barely time to retreat.^[52] Suvorov was at this point crossing the river with might and main across the Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge and its vicinity. At the same time Allied forces crossed at Brivio; but, nevertheless, Moreau gave orders for the immediate concentration of forces. Grenier and Victor were bringing troops from the south. General of the Cavalry Melas having the divisions of Fröhlich and Kaim would storm the French positions at Cassano in the afternoon: the eastern bank of the river was held by the French demi-brigade, to the aid of which Victor already rushed.^[15][49]

According to some archival documents, it can be assumed that Suvorov himself was at Vaprio and hurried the crossing. He was able to concentrate around 20,000 soldiers there, while Moreau concentrated 15,000;^[

Ott and Zopf had broken through.

pre-bridge fortification in front of Cassano was just under a high pressure. The French 106th demi-brigade of Jean Roussel,^[28][19] supported by a brigade of Victor's division (which arrived at 4 o'clock in the afternoon; under the command of Argod^[28]), held firmly behind the Retorto canal, which covered the front of their position for 5 hours.^[15] For most of the day Melas had contented himself with cannonading the French works until Suvorov pushed Melas to take decisive action.^[29]

Suvorov ordered Melas to capture Cassano at all costs. The Austrians placed 30 guns, built a bridge, rushed to assault the fortification and burst into it so quickly that the French had no time to destroy the bridge over the river and remove the guns while retreating to the right bank of the Adda.[15] Argod was killed.^[28] It was Reisky regiment that went to the assault^[28][29] (1,911 men^[29]). The Austrians crossed the bridge and found themselves in the rear of the French retreating from Vaprio. The direct road to Milan via Gorgonzola was cut off, the French had to hasten their retreat to Melzo, and parts of Victor's division, which had not had time to join Grenier and Laboissière's troops, were ordered to withdraw to Melegnano. Suvorov's assault forced Moreau to a general retreat.^[15][56] After a continuous hard fighting from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., both Allied columns were so fatigued that they could not pursue and stopped on the battlefield. The Cossacks followed the retreating French. The winners got 19 guns, a colour and over 2,000 POW with very heavy loss of KIA and WIA among the French; the allies lost over 1,000 men.^[15][28] Reporting to Emperor Paul, Suvorov especially "praised the excellent courage of Don Cossacks", calling their Ataman Denisov "brave warrior". Thus by the evening of April 27 the fate of the battle on the Adda River was decided and the way to Milan was opened. At the same time Vukassovich succeeded in bringing down the enemy at Brivio (it was a small French outpost^[25]), and at night passed to the right bank of the Adda; the French barely managed to retreat to Lake Como, and Soyez, still occupying Lecco, seeing that the Russian troops were approaching again, rushed into the mountains and barely escaped, having crossed Como in vessels.^[15]

Verderio

Sérurier, exactly following Moreau's orders, halted between Verderio and Paderno d'Adda (he was standing with his back to the Adda), carefully entrenched himself, and remained all the day of the 27th and the night of the 28th of April, awaiting further orders, cut off by Ott from the south and Vukassovich from the north; meanwhile on both sides, at Vaprio and Brivio, the cannonade rang out, and a fierce fight was going on. The fight was over. Moreau retreated, the allies slept on the field of battle; Sérurier remained unnoticed.^[25] On the early morning of 28 April, an advance detachment of 1 battalion of Austrians under Prince Rohan and Pozdneev Cossack regiment met a cavalry post on the hill behind Imbersago; Cossacks, advancing toward Paderno, overturned this post and unexpectedly saw a whole detachment of French. Vukassovich, considering it encircled, offered to lay down his arms, but, having received a refusal, led an attack. Rohan advance battalion and Cossacks drove the French out of Paderno, and with the rest of the force Vukassovich bypassed Verderio and attacked the enemy from the rear.^[57] The French stubbornly defended at Verderio and even attempted to attack the enemy on the flank, but seeing the approach of Rosenberg's main Russian troops (a mere 17,000 coalition forces^[30]), Sérurier decided that further resistance would be reckless and surrendered. Vukassovich trapped 3,000 men at Verderio.^[15]

• The Adda battle on maps
• 
  Combat of Lecco
  A – Shveikovsky and Vukassovich on the night of 25–26 April
  B – Bagration upon the occupation of Lecco
  C – Soyez's unit retreated from Lecco
  C' – A French column, sent to bypass Bagration
  D – Dendrygin's battalion, which arrived with Miloradovich
  E – 2 battalions of Rosenberg's and Baranovsky's regiments, who arrived with Shveikovsky
  F – Russian artillery left under cover of Baranovsky's battalion
  G – The main column of Russians on the move towards Lecco
  H – Vukassovich on the move to Brivio
  I – French posts protecting the crossings
• 
  Combats of Vaprio and Cassano
  A – The initial Allied position from the evening of 26 April
  B – The troops' position at the battle itself on 27 April
• 
  Combat of Verderio
  no identification marks required

Results

Soon after the coalition's victory, Suvorov wrote to a Russian diplomat:^[58]

"The Adda is a Rubicon, and we crossed it over the bodies of our enemies."

In the combats at Lecco, Vaprio, Cassano, and Verderio the French brought into the fray between 18,000^[15] and 18,500^[59] men; they suffered 2,500 killed and wounded, plus 5,000 soldiers, 27 cannon, and 3 colours captured.^[60] Losses at Verderio were 300 killed and wounded, plus 2,700 captured.^[37] The Austro-Russians lost 2,000 killed and wounded^[60] (or 2,500^[15]). Another authority gives allied losses as 6,000 and French prisoners as 7,000, without listing French killed and wounded. Perhaps the author included the losses at Verderio in his total.^[3] Bodart estimated French losses at 11,000.^[2] Another source claims 6,200 Allied losses (Austrians: 3,800 killed and wounded and 1,200 prisoners of war, Russians: 1,200).^[5] The figure of 3,800 KIA and WIA almost identical with Carl von Clausewitz's data of around 3,700 Austrians killed and wounded. Clausewitz stated that the numbers of French and Austrians killed and wounded were roughly the same. He does not cited Russian losses and assesses 7,000 French prisoners of war.^[42]

Moreau retreated, leaving a 2,400-man garrison in Milan's citadel. Grenier's division withdrew to

Republic of France-created Cisalpine Republic was now back in the hands of the Habsburg monarchy

.

The next battle for the Allied Field Army would be the unsuccessful

First Battle of Marengo (Battle of San Giuliano)

just 4 days later.

The next major action was the Battle of the Trebbia on 17–20 June.

See also

• Capture of Brescia
• Battle of Bassignana
• First Battle of Marengo
• Battle of Modena
• Battle of the Trebbia
• Second Battle of Marengo
• Battle of Novi
• Battle of the Gotthard Pass
• Battle of the Klöntal
• Battle of the Muotatal

Notes

1. ^ The Battle of Cassano relates to all the clashes between 27 and 28 April, according to Bodart.^[2]
2. ^ Battle of Cassano
3. ^ Combat of Lecco
4. ^ Clodfelter: 52,000 Austrians, 18,500 Russians.
5. ^ Duffy: 50,700 Austrians, 20,000 Russians.
6. Cossack
   regiments.
7. ^ 30,000^[8] excluding Hohenzollern's 5,000 (opposite the fortress of Pizzighettone) and Seckendorff's 1,500 (near Lodi).^[13]
8. ^ Bagration Advance Guard and the main force of the Rosenberg Corps.^[13] The total at Suvorov's disposal was 20,000.^[8]
9. ^ Overall (different estimates):
   • 65,000;^[4]
   • 70,000;^[5][d]
   • 70,700;^[6][e]
   • 71,000.
     Adige River.^[6]
   Operating against the French: 52,000.[2]^[9]
   Present forces for the first half of April: 49,097 (with an unknown number of Austrian gunners and technicians).^[10]
   In action (different estimates):
   • 48,000;^[11]
   • 48,500;^[12][13][f]
   • 49,000;^[11]
   • nearly 50,000.^[14]
     •  • c. 36,500^[g]
     •  • c. 12,000^[h]
     Seckendorff and Hohenzollern with 6,500 troops were detached for diversion on the French right flank.^[15]
10. Cossack cavalry, which would then take part at Vaprio): numbers not counting the reinforcements that came to Bagration (Austrians who were not involved in the affair are also not counted). Along with reinforcements it was 3,514 regulars,^[12] since three battalions approached Bagration^[16] (Dendrygin, Rosenberg, Baranovsky^[17][18]). A grand total of 4,993 Russians referring to the data of Acerbi.^[12]
    
    According to another source, at the beginning of the battle it was about 3,000 regular troops and Cossacks, but no further numbers have been given.^[13]
11. ^ Ott Division at San Gervasio and Zopf Division: 9,721^[19] to 10,000^[20] men. Acerbi gave the exact strength of Zopf's division as 4,721 men located in Canonica, and this figure is almost the same as the later from San Donato according to some sources (4,700), so it may be incomplete in this case; however, these are more approximate figures, in contrast to Acerbi's findings, hence Acerbi's data attached.^[21][22] There is also Zopf's division strength of 5,126 for April 14, 1799.^[23] As Orlov noted, at the end of the battle, Vaprio had gathered about 11,000 allies.^[24]
    
    Reinforcements approached the battlefield gradually; first Denisov's Cossacks and then Ott's leading units pushed the French back from Trezzo. After that, the French gained a significant numerical advantage by concentrating their forces and drove back the allies, but as more reinforcements were arriving across the river, with the Austrian and Russian pressures increasing, they were little by little thrown backwards, and Moreau ordered a general retreat.^[15] Also, Ott along with Zopf and Denisov cut off Sérurier's detachment at Verderio Superiore from Moreau's main force.^[25]
    
    During the same combat at Vaprio, Grenier twice took a position suitable for defence near the village itself.^[26][15] While the first attack on it was unsuccessful, by the second offensive the assaulting Austrian troops had 9,721 men, whereas the French had 7,500. Cossacks did not participate in the second attack.^[24]
12. Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment.^[15][27]
13. ^ Kaim and Fröhlich Divisions.^[20]
    
    The final assault was led by Reisky Regiment.^[28]
    (Reisky von Dubnitz with 1,911 men^[29] conducted the successful Austrian assault on the bridgehead fortifications at Cassano)
    
    When Suvorov ordered Melas to take Cassano at all costs, the Austrians placed 30 guns, built a bridge, rushed to assault the fortifications and burst into them so quickly that the French had no time to destroy the bridge over the river and remove the guns while retreating to the right bank of the Adda.^[15]
14. ^ Vukassovich Division.^[13]
15. ^ Pozdneev Cossacks (irreg. forces).^[23][19]
    
    Rosenberg's regular troops (~9,530 men, including 1,000 Austrian cavalrymen) were not engaged, but seeing them approaching the battlefield, Sérurier decided to lay down arms.^[15][30][31]
16. ^ Orlov: 35 battalions, 37 squadrons.
17. ^ Overall, 58,000 were available for active operations in the field^[6][32] (out of the 83,000-strong Army of Italy under the command of Schérer). France had about 117,000 troops spread across the Italian Peninsula. The 34,000-strong Army of Naples was engaged in looting (Central and Southern Italy).^[6]
    Present forces for 30 March: 46,466 (after Schérer had separated some of the units into garrisons).^[10]
    •  • 41,686
    •  • 2,280
    •  • 1,600
    •  • 900

    The available forces that Moreau had during the battle after replacing Schérer: about 30,000.^[4][5]
    In action (different estimates):

    • 27,000;^[33]
    • 28,000;^{[33][34][2][11][15][13][p]}
    • less than 30,000.^[14]
      Laboissière (4,000^[13]), on the extreme right flank, never took part in the battle.^[15]
18. ^ Soyez's detachment.^[35] The garrison of the town itself: 1,800+ troops^[12] (4 battalions and 1 squadron^[15] of the 108th demi-brigade^[17]). A group of French troops with artillery was also west of the bridge that at Lecco,^[1] and another group between Olginate and Brivio (the latter entered the rear of the Russian troops).^[15][31]
19. Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment who arrived in the midst of battle, after which were repelled^[15]
    )
    Orlov's data is attached.
20. ^ The 106th demi-brigade, left by Grenier in Cassano, entrenched behind the Retorto canal and on the bridgehead repelled Melas' attacks for 5 hours. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon Argod's brigade from Victor's division came to the support.^[28][31] It was 3 battalions.^[20]
21. ^ According to Victor, 2,600. According to Vukassovich, 3,700. According to Russian records, 4,000.^[36] Casualties were: 300 killed or wounded, and 2,700 captured.^[37][5] Perhaps Sérurier's trapped detachment numbered just 3,000.^[38]
22. ^
    • Digby Smith, Nikolay Orlov: 2,000;^[34][39]
    • Vasily Novitsky et alii, GRE: 2,500.^[15][40]
      • Loss at Lecco — 385 KIA or WIA
      • Loss at Vaprio & Cassano — 1,000 KIA or WIA
      • Loss at Verderio is unknown
23. ^
    • 4,886 Russians and Austrians according to Coalition's chief of staff Chasteler de Courcelles (per Chasteler, approximately 2,750 of these losses at Verderio);^[41]
    • Carl von Clausewitz: 4,900 (only Austrians);^[42]
    • Gaston Bodart: 5,000;^[2]
    • David Eggenberger: 6,000;^[3]
    • Micheal Clodfelter: 6,200.^[5]
24. ^
    • Moreau's figure of 2,542 is probably too low, even if assume that it excludes the command of Sérurier, which had been captured whole. The Austro-Russian chief of staff Chasteler estimated French losses at 5,000, while Christopher Duffy put French losses at around 6,900 referring to the calculation by Austrian staff officer MacDermott of 8,000 KIA, WIA, and POW — it corresponds closely with a French list found later in the citadel of Alessandria;^[41]
    • Russian assessments of 7,500 attributable to the entire operation on the Adda.^[39][15][40]
      • Loss at Lecco — 100
        POW + the number of KIA / WIA that is not reliably known^[43]
      • Loss at Vaprio & Cassano — 2,000 POW + the large number of KIA / WIA that is not reliably known;[43] 19 cannons; 1 standard
      • Loss at Verderio — 3,000 KIA, WIA, or POW
25. ^
    • Smith and Clodfelter: 2,500 killed or wounded and 5,000 captured on the 27th, and another 3,000 KIA, WIA, and POW on the 28th;^[44][5]
    • Clausewitz: around 3,700 killed or wounded and 7,000 prisoners;^[42]
    • Bodart: 4,000 dead and injured, 7,000 captured;^[2]
    • Eggenberger's data coincide with Clausewitz's and Bodart's estimates on 7,000 prisoners, however, Eggenberger does not specified bloody casualties.^[3]
26. ^ Sometimes in historiography the Battle of Cassano is defined separately on April 27 (Vaprio d'Adda, Cassano d'Adda), and the clash at Verderio on 28 April is placed apart.
27. ^ alongside Trezzo sull'Adda; part of the battle of Cassano

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Duffy 1999, p. 61.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Bodart 1908, p. 332.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Eggenberger 1985, p. 80.
4. ^ ^{a b} Dupuy & Dupuy 1993, p. 755.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Clodfelter 2017, p. 109.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Duffy 1999, p. 40.
7. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 48.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Duffy 1999, p. 59.
9. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 67.
10. ^ ^{a b} Duffy 1999, pp. 50–51.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 50–51.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e} Acerbi 2007a.
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Orlov 1892, p. 74.
14. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky 1885, p. 165.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar} Novitsky et al. 1911, pp. 134–137.
16. ^ ^{a b} Orlov 1892, p. 81.
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Duffy 1999, p. 62.
18. ^ "Бой у города Лекко" [Combat near the town of Lecco]. Runivers. Военные конфликты, кампании и боевые действия русских войск 860–1914 гг. (in Russian). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
19. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Acerbi 2007b.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Orlov 1892, p. 84.
21. ^ Milyutin 1852, p. 301.
22. ^ Orlov 1892, pp. 92–93, 96.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Duffy 1999, p. 50.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} Orlov 1892, pp. 92–93.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Orlov 1892, p. 89.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Duffy 1999, p. 65.
27. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 87.
28. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Orlov 1892, p. 88.
29. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Acerbi 2007c.
30. ^ ^{a b} Milyutin 1852, p. 297 (back of the page).
31. ^ ^{a b c} See battle maps
32. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 44.
33. ^ ^{a b c} Duffy 1999, p. 60.
34. ^ ^{a b c d e} Smith 1998, pp. 152, 153.
35. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 80.
36. ^ ^{a b c d} Duffy 1999, p. 66.
37. ^ ^{a b c} Smith 1998, p. 159.
38. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 93.
39. ^ ^{a b} Orlov 1892, p. 90.
40. ^ ^{a b c d} "АДДА • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version". old.bigenc.ru. 2016. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
41. ^ ^{a b} Duffy 1999, p. 68.
42. ^ ^{a b c} Clausewitz 2020, p. 193.
43. ^ ^{a b} Milyutin 1852, p. 591.
44. ^ Smith 1998, pp. 152, 153, 159.
45. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 51.
46. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 76.
47. ^ Milyutin 1852, p. 287.
48. ^ ^{a b} Milyutin 1852, p. 289.
49. ^ ^{a b c} Smith 1998, p. 153.
50. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 63.
51. ^ Duffy 1999, pp. 63, 65.
52. ^ ^{a b c d} Orlov 1892, p. 85.
53. ^ Milyutin 1852, p. 293.
54. ^ ^{a b} Orlov 1892, p. 86.
55. ^ ^{a b} Milyutin 1852, p. 294.
56. ^ Anonymus 1800, p. 75.
57. ^ Milyutin 1852, pp. 297–298.
58. ^ Latimer, 65
59. ^ Orlov 1892, pp. 74, 80, 84, 93.
60. ^ ^{a b} Smith 1998, pp. 152–153.
61. ^ Smith 1998, p. 156.

Sources

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  ISBN 978-0-7006-3025-7
  . Retrieved 7 July 2022.
• Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
  ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  .
• Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. New York:
  ISBN 0-486-24913-1
  . Retrieved 28 June 2023.
• Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill.
  ISBN 1-85367-276-9
  .
• Duffy, Christopher (1999). Eagles over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799. Chicago, Ill.: Emperor's Press.
  OCLC 42694091
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• Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (April 1, 1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History (4th ed.). New York:
  ISBN 978-0004701431
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• Acerbi, Enrico (2007a). "The 1799 Campaign in Italy: The Battle of Lecco (April 25 to 27, 1799). The Position of the Coalition's Army before the Battle". napoleon-series.org. The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  • Acerbi, Enrico (2007b). "The 1799 Campaign in Italy: the Combats of Trezzo and Vaprio (April 26)". napoleon-series.org. The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
    • Acerbi, Enrico (2007c). "The 1799 Campaign in Italy: the Combat of Cassano and the Verderio Affair (April 27)". napoleon-series.org. The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
• Latimer, Jon (December 1999). "War of the Second Coalition". Military History: 62–69.
• Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) (in German). Vienna and Leipzig: C. W. Stern. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
• Anonymus (1800). Feldzüge der Oesterreicher und Russen in Italien im Jahre 1799 (in German). Leipzig: Verlag Reinicke und Hinrichs. p. 75. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
• Milyutin, Dmitry (1852). История войны России с Францией в царствование Императора Павла I в 1799 году [The history of Russia's war with France during the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799] (in Russian). Vol. I. St. Petersburg: Типография штаба военно-учебных заведений. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
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• Petrushevsky, Alexander F. (1885). "XX. Война в Италии; Адда, Милан" [The war in Italy; Adda, Milan]. Рассказы про Суворова [Stories about Suvorov] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича.
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External links

The Napoleon Series:

• The 1799 Campaign in Italy: The Austrians Advance by Enrico Acerbi

Runivers, battle maps:

• "Action of Lecco, 26 April 1799"
• "Battle of Vaprio and Cassano, 27 April 1799"
• "Action of Verderio, 28 April 1799"

Media related to Battle of Cassano at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Battle of Magnano

French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns Battle of Cassano (1799)

Succeeded by Battle of Bassignana