Battle of Dobro Pole
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The Battle of Dobro Pole (
Despite being outnumbered and poorly equipped, certain Bulgarian units offered fierce resistance, delaying the Entente advance in Zborsko. However, the collapse of the front line enabled the Allies to assault Bulgarian positions from multiple directions and eventually quell the last pockets of resistance. The Central Powers' defeat at the Dobro Pole played a role in the Bulgarian withdrawal from the war and opened the way for the subsequent capture of Vardar Macedonia.
Prelude
The 28 June 1914,
Serbia was ultimately defeated during the autumn 1915 phase of the
On 17 August 1916, Bulgaria
In late July 1918, Bulgarian
The Bulgarians, using information from escaped prisoners of war, determined that Entente forces would engage in hostile actions west of lake Ohrid, in Monastir, Dobro Pole or Human. On 27 August, the 2nd and 3rd Bulgarian divisions stationed at Dobro Pole were ordered to make emergency preparations, as new evidence indicated a frontal assault on Dobro Pole along with a secondary attack on Human. By 7 September, Dobro Pole was reinforced by one machine gun company, six battalions and ten heavy howitzers. General Friedrich von Scholtz then stated that these measures made the defense of the front feasible. Von Scholtz had, however, failed to take into account the departure of Bulgarian chief of staff Nikola Zhekov and his subsequent replacement by Georgi Todorov. Widespread insubordination and desertions also plagued the Bulgarian troops, who refused to participate in fortification works. Poor rations and fatigue contributed to the low morale.[11]
A day prior to the Entente offensive, General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey laid out the final plan for the operation. The first phase consisted of a combined Franco-Serbian attack on the positions of the 2nd and 3rd Bulgarian Divisions, which was expected to create a breach of the frontline in the area of Dobro Pole, while also posing a danger to the Bulgarian supply lines on the river Vardar. The 1,875 m (6,152 ft) Dobro Pole ("Good Field") peak dominated the region, providing excellent observation points for the defenders. Dobro Pole was surrounded by a well-developed system of trenches which, in combination with the rough terrain, made the area impassable for wheeled transport. Dobro Pole was, however, lower and less steep than the mountains on other parts of the front that averaged 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[12][13][14][15]
A second Anglo-Franco-
D'Espèrey expected to march the
Battle
At 8:00 a.m. on 14 September 1918, Entente forces commenced a 566-gun artillery barrage on enemy positions. Their aircraft also bombed enemy positions and strafed a 250-truck column moving towards Kozjak. On the same day, Scholtz sent Hindenburg a telegraph stating that
"all indications point out that an enemy offensive will target the 11th Army on both sides of Vardar as well as Dobro Pole ..."
The Bulgarian high command did not attempt to perform a spoiling attack as they lacked the necessary vehicles and pack animals. The barrage did not cause a significant number of casualties but severely affected the Bulgarian
At 5:30 a.m. on 15 September, the French 122nd and 17th (Colonial) divisions struck Sokol, Dobro Pole, Kravitski Kamene and Kravitsa while the Serbian Šumadija Division assaulted Kamene and Veternik. The Greek Archipelago, 3rd and 4th divisions under Panagiotis Gargalidis acted as a link between the Serbian and French troops without entering combat. The offensive immediately caused a wave of mass desertion among the Bulgarian units; the remaining infantrymen and artillery squadrons were not able to hold their ground. During the course of the battle, the 122nd Division broke into two columns and suffered heavy casualties. The left column managed to reach a position located 50 m (160 ft) from Sokol at 6:30 a.m. and take the peak at the end of the day. At 4:00 pm, the right column captured Dobro Pole after rushing a 200 m (660 ft) segment of steep terrain. The 17th Division seized Kravitsa at 7:00 am, suppressing the last signs of resistance.[19]
Two Franco-Greek regiments attempted to storm
On the morning of 16 September, the Serbians overran the Kozjak mountain range and the Golo Bilo peak. They were joined by the 35th Greek Regiment which crossed the Poroi River and later marched on Topolets. At 11:00 am, Franco-Hellenic units stormed Zborsko for a second time and were met by heavy artillery and machine gun fire. The attack was rebuffed with the loss of 158 Greeks and roughly the same number of French lives and attempts to take the area were suspended. Živojin Mišić's 1st Army and the Armée d'Orient performed a night attack on the Gradešnica fortified zone, suppressing the defenders. The 1st Division Group moved into a position on the Poroi River north of Brahovo in conjunction with the Timok Division. By the night of 16 September, the gap in what formerly constituted the front line had extended to 25 km (16 mi) in width and 7 km (4.3 mi) in depth. The Allied command ordered its air department to continue attacking all bridges on the river Vardar.[22][23]
At 4.00 a.m. on 17 September, Hellenic components of the 1st Division Group raided Mount Preslap, a key position housing Bulgarian artillery. The Greeks rapidly descended from Golo Bilo and then began climbing the cliffs of Preslap with their bare hands. The Preslap garrison proceeded to abandon their positions and retreat eastwards. Having lost their artillery cover forces at Zborsko followed their comrades in retreat. The Timok Division conquered Topolets and advanced towards Studena Voda and Preslap while the Morava and Yugoslav divisions overran Koutskov Kamene. At the same time, the Drina and Danube Divisions seized Gradešnica along with the Poltsista and Besistsa peaks, then halted at Melinitsa.[24][25]
On 18 September, the 11th French Colonial Division and the 6th Greek Regiment occupied the villages of Zoviḱ, Staravina and Cebren, approaching towards the Cebren Monastery bridge on Crna. An Entente air raid destroyed another bridge north of Razim Bey. Bulgarian forces failed at putting a stop to the Allied offensive, abandoning their wounded and large quantities of military equipment. By the end of the day, Allied troops had advanced 15 km (9.3 mi) into enemy territory while also seizing locales of strategic importance that would later enable them to continue pushing deeper into Vardar Macedonia.[22][26]
Aftermath
Immediately following the battle, Entente forces were defeated in the
Under those chaotic circumstances, a Bulgarian delegation arrived in Thessaloniki to ask for an armistice. On 29 September, the Bulgarians were granted the
The Macedonian Front was brought to an end at noon on 30 September, when the ceasefire came into effect, and the Radomir Rebellion was put down, by Bulgarian forces, as of 2 October. Tsar
The British Army headed east towards the European side of the Ottoman Empire, while the French and Serbian forces continued north. The British Army neared Constantinople and, without a force capable of stopping the advance, the Ottoman government asked for an armistice (the Armistice of Mudros) on 26 October. In Serbia, "Desperate Frankie" (as the British nicknamed d'Esperey) continued to advance and the Serbo-French Army re-captured the country, overrunning several weak German divisions that tried to block its push near Niš. On 3 November, Austria-Hungary was forced to sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti on the Italian Front ending the war there. On 10 November, d'Esperey's army crossed the Danube river and was poised to enter the Hungarian heartland. At the request of the French general, Count Mihály Károlyi, leading the Hungarian government, signed the Armistice of Belgrade.[35]
See also
Footnotes
Citations
- ^ Korsun 1939, p. 95.
- ^ Thomas & Babac 2001, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Albertini 1953, p. 36.
- ^ Fischer 1967, p. 73.
- ^ Willmott 2003, pp. 11–15.
- ^ Hall 2010, pp. 48–50.
- ^ Falls 1933, pp. 152–184.
- ^ Falls 1933, pp. 208–230.
- ^ Falls 1933, pp. 348–362.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, p. 111.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, p. 89.
- ^ a b Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 112–113.
- ^ a b Geramanis 1980, p. 129.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, p. 113.
- ^ Geramanis 1980, p. 130.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 114–115, 125.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 114–115, 117, 125, Hall 2010, p. 130, Korsun 1939, p. 98
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 115–116, 118–119, 126, Korsun 1939, p. 98, Villari 1922, p. 226, Coates Ulrichsen 2014, p. 95
- ^ Ivaylo S. Ivanov (2000). "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BULGARIAN SENIOR MILITARY LEADERSHIP IN WORLD WAR I: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BULGARIAN ARMY OPERATIONS AT DOBRO POLE AND DOIRAN IN 1918" (PDF). MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Thesis. p. 37. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^ a b Korsun 1939, p. 98.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 118–119, 120–122.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Villari 1922, pp. 227–228.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b Falls 1935, pp. 246–253.
- ^ a b Korsun 1939, pp. 105–108.
- ^ Omiridis Skylitzes 1961, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Ivaylo S. Ivanov (2000). "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BULGARIAN SENIOR MILITARY LEADERSHIP IN WORLD WAR I: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BULGARIAN ARMY OPERATIONS AT DOBRO POLE AND DOIRAN IN 1918" (PDF). MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Thesis. p. 92. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^ "The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1". Militaryhistorynow.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight". historycollection.co. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ Doughty 2005, p. 491.
- ^ Axelrod 2018, p. 260.
- ^ Falls 1935, pp. 254–279.
References
- ISBN 978-1493031924.
- OCLC 168712.
- Coates Ulrichsen, Kristian (2014). The First World War in the Middle East. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-1849042741.
- ISBN 0-674-01880-X.
- Falls, C. (1996) [1933]. Military Operations Macedonia: From the Outbreak of War to the Spring of 1917. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: ISBN 0-89839-242-X.
- Falls, C. (1996) [1935]. Military Operations Macedonia: From the Spring of 1917 to the End of the War. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). Nashville, TN: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-243-8.
- Fischer, Fritz (1967). Germany's Aims in the First World War. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-09798-6.
- Geramanis, Athanasios (1980). Πολεμική Ιστορία Νεωτέρας Ελλάδος: Επιχειρήσεις εν Μακεδονία κατά τον Α' παγκόσμιον πόλεμον 1915–1918 [Military History of Modern Greece Operations in Macedonia During WWI 1915–1918] (in Greek). Vol. IV. Athens: Kefallinos.
- Hall, Richard (2010). Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35452-5.
- Korsun, Nikolay (1939). Балканский фронт мировой войны 1914–1918 гг [Balkan Front of the World War 1914–1918] (in Russian). Moscow: Boenizdat. OCLC 7970969.
- Omiridis Skylitzes, Aristeidis (1961). Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός κατά τον Πρώτον Παγκόσμιον Πόλεμον: Η Συμμετοχή της Ελλάδος εις τον Πόλεμον 1918 [Hellenic Army During the First World War 1914–1918: Hellenic Participation in the War 1918] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Hellenic Army History Department.
- Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2001). Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-194-X.
- Villari, Luigi (1922). The Macedonian Campaign. London: T. Fisher Unwin. OCLC 6388448.
- Willmott, H.P. (2003). World War I. New York: Dorling Kindersley. OCLC 52541937.
Further reading
- Nedev, Nikola (1923). Дойранската епопея 1915–1918 [The Doiran Epopee 1915–1918] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Armeiski voenno-izdatelski fond. ISBN 978-954-8247-05-4.
- Dieterich, Alfred (1928). Weltkriegsende an der mazedonischen Front [The End of the World War at the Macedonian Front] (in German). Berlin: Gerhard Stalling. from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4.
- Owen, Collinson (2012). Salonica and After: The Sideshow that Ended the War. Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books. ASIN B008VGLK3Q.