Battle of Garigliano (1503)

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Battle of Garigliano
Part of the Garigliano River, near Gaeta (present-day Italy )
Result	Spanish victory

Belligerents Spain Kingdom of France
Marquisate of SaluzzoCommanders and leaders Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Bartolomeo d'Alviano Ludovico II of SaluzzoStrength 15,000^[1] 23,000^[1]Casualties and losses 900^[1] 4,000^[1]

The Battle of Garigliano was fought on 29 December 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquis of Saluzzo.

Preliminary phase

In mid-November 1503, the French and Spanish armies were separated by the

.

While the Spanish commander hesitated as to whether to attack or to retreat, he received reinforcements from Naples led by Bartolomeo d'Alviano and Orsini. He then decided to move some units in order to convince Ludovico that he was retreating towards the Volturno river. With Diego de Mendoza holding the rearguard with 300 men-at-arms and 5,000-6,000 infantry,^[2] Cordoba had devised a stratagem to cross the river using bridges made out of boats and barrels, which he had built in the castle of Mondragone, 12 kilometers south of the Spanish camp.

Battle

During the night between 27 and 28 December, the Spanish brought the bridging materials to a place near the castle of Suio, in a position invisible to the French, some six kilometers north of the latter's camp. D'Alviano, commander of the Spanish vanguard, had the construction begin at dawn. By 10 AM some 3,500 Spaniards had crossed the Garigliano.^[2]

The 300

, allowing d'Alviano to occupy Castelforte. Gonzalo de Cordoba spent the night in that town.

The French had numerous ill soldiers in their Traetto camp, so they were unable to send reinforcements. French captain Alegri then decided to destroy the bridge and to order a general retreat to Gaeta, abandoning all the sick soldiers and nine cannons in the camp.

Informed about the French retreat, Gonzalo decided to continue the advance. Colonna and his horsemen made contact with the French at

] After a series of minor clashes, the French took position near a bridge in Mola where they were able to push back Colonna's attempt to surround them. However, the arrival of the rest of the Spanish forced the Marquis of Saluzzo to order another retreat.

Aftermath

The Spanish victory was decisive, as the offensive capacity of the French army was destroyed.[3]^[4] After some days of siege in Gaeta, the French surrendered.^[5] What remained of the French army traveled either by sea or on foot back to Milan.^[5] Many died at the hands of civilians or from hunger, even the commander Ludovico, Marquis of Saluzzo, died upon reaching Genoa.^[5][6] With the Treaty of Blois in 1504, France recognized Spain's authority over Naples.^[1]

References

Sources

• Day, William R.; Matzke, Michael; Saccocci, Andrea (2020). Medieval European Coinage. Vol. 12, Northern Italy. Cambridge University Press.^{[ISBN missing]}
• ISBN 978-0415127226
  .
• Mallett, M.; Shaw, C. (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  ISBN 978-0582057586
  .
• Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  ISBN 978-0275985059
  .
• Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. Two: 1500–1774. ABC-CLIO. p. 478.
  ISBN 978-1851096725
  .

41°13′00″N 13°34′00″E / 41.2167°N 13.5667°E / 41.2167; 13.5667