Battle of Lake Erie
Battle of Lake Erie | |||||||
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Part of the War of 1812 | |||||||
Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell, painted 1865, shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara[A] | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States | United Kingdom | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Jesse Elliot |
Robert Heriot Barclay + Robert Finnis | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
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The Battle of Lake Erie, also known as the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, on
. It was one of the largest naval battles of the War of 1812.Background
1812
When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie. They already had a small force of warships there: the
The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her
Late in 1812, Paul Hamilton, the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long-time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins, who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake. ("Presqu'isle" is French for "peninsula", literally "almost an island"). Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities.[6] Another problem was that a sand bar extended across the entrance to the harbor at Presque Isle, which would prove to make it very difficult to get newly constructed U.S. ships out to open water. In September, Dobbins began directing the cutting of trees. By November, Ebenezer Crosby, a master shipwright, was hired by Dobbins to start work on the four wooden ships.[7] Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to the command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813[8] where he approved Dobbins's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel, but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies.
1813
In January 1813,
Meanwhile, Commander
During July and August, Barclay received two small vessels, the schooner
Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo, commanding on Lake Ontario, but received very little. The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier, Major-General Henry Procter, was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors. He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced, and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson, which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors.[17]
Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg
By mid-July, the American squadron was almost complete, although not yet fully manned (Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty). The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 to 29 July. The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth, with only 5 feet (1.5 m) of water over it, which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships (although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July), but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order. Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather. It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour, or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned.[6] Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar. This was an exhausting task. The guns had to be removed from all the boats, and the largest of them had to be raised between "camels" (barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast). When Barclay returned four days later, he found that Perry had nearly completed the task. Perry's two largest brigs were not ready for action, but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit.
Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle.
His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky, where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison's Army of the Northwest.[20] After twice appearing off Amherstburg, Perry established an anchorage at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. For the next five weeks, Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg. His sailors, Procter's troops, and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies. After receiving a last-minute reinforcement of two naval officers, three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec[21] under Lieutenant George Bignall, Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry.
In the days preceding the battle, Perry told his friend, Purser
Battle
On the morning of 10 September, the Americans saw Barclay's vessels heading for them, and got under way from their anchorage at Put-in-Bay. The wind was light. Barclay initially held the
The first shot was fired, from Detroit, at 11:45.[22] Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs, his flagship Lawrence and Niagara, into carronade range quickly, but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively. When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12:45, her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped, her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot.[23]
Astern of Lawrence, Niagara, under Elliot, was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range. It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number, Queen Charlotte, and that Niagara was obstructed by the unhandy Caledonia,[24] but Elliot's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years. Aboard Queen Charlotte, the British ship opposed to Niagara, the commander (Robert Finnis) and First Lieutenant were both killed. The next most senior officer, Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine, found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range, and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range.[23]
Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance, Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck. Four-fifths of Lawrence's crew were killed or wounded. Both of the fleet's surgeons were sick with "lake fever" (malaria),[25] so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant, Usher Parsons. When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable, Perry decided to transfer his flag. He was rowed a half-mile (1 km) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered. It is said his personal servant, African American sailor Cyrus Tiffany, accompanied and protected Perry during this journey.[26]
It was later alleged that Perry left Lawrence after the surrender, but he had actually taken down only his personal pennant, in blue bearing the motto, "Don't give up the ship".
When Lawrence surrendered, firing died away briefly.[24] Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte, both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded. Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed, leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command. Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward.[27] The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat.[28] Instead, once aboard Niagara, Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action, while he steered Niagara at Barclay's damaged ships, helped by the strengthening wind.
Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them, while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern. Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships[29] they could no longer offer any effective resistance. Both ships surrendered at about 3:00 pm. The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered.[30]
Although Perry won the battle on Niagara, he received the British surrender on the deck of the Lawrence.
Casualties
The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded. The surviving crews, including the wounded, numbered 306. Captain Barclay, who had previously lost his left arm in 1809, lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered "permanently motionless". The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded, of whom 2 later died.[31] The heaviest American casualties were suffered aboard Lawrence, which had 2 officers and 20 men killed, and 6 officers and 55 men wounded.[29]
Of the vessels involved, the three most battered (the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte) were converted into hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte, further shattering the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, Lawrence was restored to service for 1814, but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks.[32]
Aftermath
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2017) |
Perry's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison. Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope, Perry wrote:
Dear General: We have met the enemy and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop. Yours with great respect and esteem,
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Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy, William Jones:
Brig Niagara, off the Western Sister,
Sir:- It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict. I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
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Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up, Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg, which was captured without opposition on 27 September. Meanwhile, 1,000 mounted troops led by
The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import.
However, an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed, and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes. (Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock, where they were laid up, following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813, and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron.)
After the war, there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action, mostly fought at second hand in the press. On the British side, Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court-martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years.
Reconstructions and memorials
In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie, as they had "went to rot."
The 352-foot (107 m) high Perry Monument within
Another 101-foot (31 m) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania. It stands on a
Reasons for American victory
Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as "superior heavy metal" by citing the greater numbers of American ships and heavy cannon.[36] Perry's leadership, particularly in the latter stages of the action, is also mentioned as a factor. The British historian C.S. Forester commented that "it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float, as it was that Perry was not hit."[24]
On the British side, William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit, which was the best-built ship on the lake. However, Detroit was built slowly, in part because of Bell's perfectionism, and indeed, it was the only purpose-built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war. The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before. That building imbalance, given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame, was another important cause of the American victory although it might be argued that even if Barclay had possessed more hulls, he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them.
The court-martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the captain and his officers and men had "conducted themselves in the most gallant manner," and it found that the defeat was the result of American numerical superiority, an insufficient number of able seamen, and the early fall of superior officers in the action.[37]
Order of battle
Listed in order of sailing:[C]
Navy | Name | Rig | Tonnage | Crew | Armament | Commander | Notes |
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Royal Navy | Chippeway | Schooner | 70 tons burthen
|
15 | 1 × 9-pounder long gun | Master's Mate J. Campbell | Captured |
Detroit | Ship | 490 tons | 150 | 1 × 18-pounder (on swivel) 2 × 24-pounder long guns 6 × 12-pounder long guns 8 × 9-pounder long guns 1 × 24-pounder carronade 1 × 18-pounder carronade |
Commander Robert Heriot Barclay | Captured | |
General Hunter | Brig | 180 tons | 45 | 4 × 6-pounder long guns 2 × 4-pounder long guns 2 × 2-pounder long guns 2 × 12-pounder carronades |
Lieutenant George Bignall | Captured | |
Queen Charlotte | Ship | 400 tons | 126 | 1 × 12-pounder long gun 2 × 9-pounder long guns 12 × 24-pounder carronades |
Commander Robert Finnis | Captured | |
Lady Prevost | Schooner[3] | 230 tons | 86 | 1 × 9-pounder long gun 2 × 6-pounder long guns 10 × 12-pounder carronades |
Lieutenant Edward Buchan (mortally wounded); command passed to Lieutenant Frédérick Rolette |
Captured (lost rudder) | |
Little Belt | Sloop | 90 tons | 18 | 1 × 12-pounder long gun 2 × 6-pounder long guns |
Lieutenant John F. Breman | Captured | |
Total | 6 warships | 1,460 tons | 450 | 330 lb shot from long guns 474 lb shot from carronades |
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United States Navy | Scorpion | Schooner | 86 tons | 35 | 1 × 32-pounder long gun 1 × 32-pounder carronade |
Sailing Master Stephen Champlin | Long gun dismounted (overcharged)[16] |
Ariel | Schooner | 112 tons | 36 | 4 × 12-pounder long guns | Lieutenant John H. Packet | One gun exploded (overcharged)[16] | |
Lawrence | Brig | 480 tons | 136 | 2 × 12-pounder long guns 18 × 32-pounder carronades |
Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry | Surrendered but recaptured | |
Caledonia | Brig | 180 tons | 53 | 2 × 24-pounder long guns 1 × 32-pounder carronade |
Lieutenant Daniel Turner | Captured from British 9 October 1812 | |
Niagara | Brig | 480 tons | 155 | 2 × 12-pounder long guns 18 × 32-pounder carronades |
Master Commandant Jesse Elliott | ||
Somers | Schooner | 94 tons | 30 | 1 × 24-pounder long gun 1 × 32-pounder carronade |
Lieutenant A. H. M. Conklin | ||
Porcupine | Schooner | 83 tons | 25 | 1 × 32-pounder long gun | Acting Master George Serrat | ||
Tigress | Schooner | 82 tons | 35 | 1 × 32-pounder long gun | Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny | ||
Trippe | Sloop | 60 tons | 35 | 1 × 24-pounder long gun | Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens | ||
Total | 9 warships | 1,657 tons | 540 | 288 lb shot from long guns 1,248 lb shot from carronades |
Footnotes
- ^ Perry's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat. Hannibal Collins, a freed slave, is one of the oarsman.[1]
- ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships, one brig, two schooners and one sloop.[3] "Perry's message was inaccurate."[33]
- ^ Vessel tonnages, rig and armament taken from Roosevelt (2004), pp. 144−145. Vessels' commanders from the same source, p. 146.
Notes
- ^ Copes 1994, p. 63.
- ^ a b Roosevelt 2004, pp. 144-144.
- ^ a b c Roosevelt 2004, pp. 260−261.
- ^ Elliott to Hamilton, Oct. 9th, 1812 in Dudley, William S (ed.). The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. Vol. 1. pp. 327–331.
- ^ a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 141.
- ^ a b Elting 1995, p. 90.
- ^ "Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness | Naval Historical Foundation".
- ^ Malcomson 1998, p. 74.
- ^ Forester 2005, p. 136.
- ^ Forester 2005, p. 143.
- ^ Forester 2005, p. 137.
- ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 166.
- ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 93.
- ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 90.
- ^ C.P.Stacey, Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie, in Zaslow 1964, p. 108.
- ^ a b c Forester (2005), p.145
- ^ Hitsman 1999, pp. 167–168.
- ^ Forester 2005, p. 140.
- ^ NapoleonSeries.org, "Ironsides on the Lake".
- ^ Elting 1995, p. 96.
- ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 170.
- ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 98
- ^ a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Forester 2005, p. 146.
- ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L Archived 22 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ISBN 9780307476852. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 100.
- ^ Forester 2005, p. 147.
- ^ a b Earnest A. Cruickshank, The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812–1813 in Zaslow 1964, p. 102.
- ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 148.
- ^ Roosevelt 2004, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Benjamin J. Lossing (1869). "Field Book of the War of 1812". Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ Altoff (1999) Note 129, p. 97.
- ISBN 978-1-55750-984-0.
- ^ Hickey, Donald R. Don't Give Up The Ship, p. 355.
- ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 152.
- ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252
References
- Altoff, Gerard T. (1999). Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie. Put-in-Bay, OH: The Perry Group. ISBN 978-1887794039.
- Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. 66, Part 2 (227). Newport, RI: Newport Historical Society: 49–77.
- "The Dobbins Papers." Severance, Frank H. ed. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 (Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1905)
- Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
- Emerson, George D. (Compiled by) (1912). The Perry's Victory Centenary – Report of The Perry's Victory Centennial Commission, State of New York. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company.
- ISBN 0-939218-06-2.; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book
- ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
- Little Brown) American Library Association.
- Malcomson, Robert (1998). Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812–1814. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-08-7.
- Miller, Arthur P.; Miller, Marjorie L. (2000). Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2876-5.
- ISBN 0-375-75419-9.
- Skaggs, David; Atloff, Gerard (1997). A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–13. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-892-5.
- Symonds, Craig (2005). Decision at Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517145-4.
- Zaslow, Morris (ed). (1964). The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7705-1242-9.
Further reading
- Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography (New York: MacMillan, 1998.) p. 343.]
- Bancroft, George, 1800–1891;Dyer, Oliver, 1824–1907. (1891) History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers (New York : R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp. at American Library Association.
- Barnes, James, 1866–1936 (1898) The hero of Erie (Oliver Hazard Perry) (microform) (1898) New York: D. Appleton and here for other formats.
- Burges, Tristam (1770–1853) (1839) Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement (Providence, Brown & Cady) at Internet Archive.
- Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the Perry's victory centennial commission, state of New York (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers).
- Cooper, James Fenimore (1846) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Google Books and here for American Library Association.
- Jesse D. Elliot, Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on 24 November 1843 (Philadelphia: G. B. Zeiber & co., 1844).
- Galbreath, Charles Burleigh (1858–1934): The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 415–456.
- Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict ISBN 978-0-252-06059-5.
- Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) ISBN 0-252-03179-2.
- Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry, American Library Association.
- Knoll, Denys W. (USN ret.) (1979) "Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Ships in the Wilderness". Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Foundation
- Langguth, A. J. (2006). Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2618-6.
- Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848. (1915) Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.)
- Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. (New York, Harper) Volume 1, Volume 2.
- Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry.
- Reid, George. (1913) Perry at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him. (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company).
- Skaggs, David Curtis. (October 2006) Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy. Annapolis, Maryland:ISBN 978-1-59114-792-3
- Skaggs, David Curtis. Perry Triumphant (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2) Naval History MagazineUnited States Naval Institute.
- James T. White (1895) p. 288. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
- David M. Vining. (2018) The Battle of Lake Erie: One Young American's Adventure in the War of 1812 ISBN 978-1718004528.
External links
- "Log of the Battle of Lake Erie" by Sailing Master William Taylor
- US Brig Niagara
- Barclay's court martial records and correspondence
- Battle of Lake Erie Historical Sources
- Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- The American Cyclopædia. 1879. .