Battle of Leyte
Battle of Leyte | |
---|---|
Part of the Leyte Island, Philippines 11°10′20″N 125°00′44″E / 11.17222°N 125.01222°E | |
Result | Allied victory |
Japan
Tomoyuki Yamashita
Sōsaku Suzuki
Shiro Makino †[2]
Tsunehiro Shirai †[3]
Yoshimi Adachi †[4]
Kyoji Tominaga[5]
Ground elements:
- Sixth Army (Final phase)
- Eighth Army (Final phase)
Aerial elements:
Naval elements:
- Fourteenth Area Army
≈200,000
Air and naval forces: ≈120,000[1]
3,000 guerrillas
246 artillery pieces
33 mortars
37[6]-41 tanks[7]
3,504 killed
11,991 wounded
183 missing
Non-battle casualties (since 25 Oct.):
119 dead
6 missing
36,791 sick/other[b]
714-828 captured[13][d]
The Battle of Leyte (
Background
Japan had conquered the Philippines in 1942. Controlling it was vital for Japan's survival in World War II because it commanded sea routes to
For the U.S., capturing the Philippines was a key strategic step in isolating Imperial Japan's military holdings in China and the Pacific theater. It was also a personal matter of pride for MacArthur.
Over the summer of 1944, planes from the
Leyte, one of the larger islands of the Philippines, has numerous deep-water approaches and sandy beaches which offered opportunities for
A heavily forested north–south mountain range dominates the interior and separates two sizable valleys, or coastal plains. The larger Leyte Valley extends from the northern coast to the long eastern shore and contains most of the towns and roadways on the island.
Leyte's population of over 900,000 people—mostly farmers and fishermen[23]—could be expected to assist an American invasion, since many residents already supported the guerrilla struggle against the Japanese in the face of harsh repression.[24] Japanese troop strength on Leyte was estimated by U.S. intelligence at 20,000; mostly of the 16th Division[25] under Lieutenant General Shiro Makino.[26]
Opposing forces
United States
General Douglas MacArthur in light cruiser Nashville
Ground forces
Lieutenant General Walter Krueger
Approx. 202,500 total officers and enlisted
- Northern landing area
- X Army Corps
- Lieutenant General Franklin C. Sibert
- Left: 24th Infantry ("Taro") Division
- Right: 1st Cavalry Division
- Southern landing area
- XXIV Army Corps
- Lieutenant General John R. Hodge
- Reserves
- Landed 14 Nov: 32nd Infantry ("Red Arrow") Division
- Landed 23 Nov: 77th Infantry ("Statue of Liberty") Division
Vice Admiral
- Central Philippines Attack Force (Task Force 77)
- Vice Admiral Kinkaid
- Northern Attack Force (Task Force 78)
- Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey in amphibious command ship Blue Ridge
- Embarking Maj. Gen. Franklin C. Sibert's X Army Corps
- Southern Attack Force (Task Force 79)
- Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson in amphibious command ship Mount Olympus
- Embarking Maj. Gen. John R. Hodge's XXIV Army Corps
Allied Air Forces
Lieutenant General
- Fifth Air Force
- Thirteenth Air Force
Japan
Southern Army (Southeast Asia)[28]
Field Marshal Count Hisaichi Terauchi[e] at Manila
- Thirty-Fifth Army[h]
- Lieutenant General Sosaku Suzuki[i]
- Leyte Defense Forces
- 16th Division
- Lieutenant General Shiro Makino[j]
- Air Forces
- Fourth Air Army at Manila
- IJN Fifth Base Air Force under on Formosa
Battle
Landings
Preliminary operations for the Leyte invasion began at dawn on 17 October 1944, with minesweeping tasks and the movement of the
Following four hours of heavy naval gunfire on A-day, 20 October, Sixth Army forces landed on assigned beaches at 10:00.[5] X Corps pushed across a 4 mi (6.4 km) stretch of beach between Tacloban airfield and the Palo River. 15 mi (24 km) to the south, XXIV Corps units came ashore across a 3 mi (4.8 km) strand between San José and the Daguitan River. Troops found as much resistance from swampy terrain as from Japanese fire.[35] Within an hour of landing, units in most sectors had secured beachheads deep enough to receive heavy vehicles and large amounts of supplies.[36] Only in the 24th Division sector did enemy fire force a diversion of follow-up landing craft. But even that sector was secure enough by 13:30 to allow Gen. MacArthur to make a dramatic entrance[37] through the surf onto Red Beach[38] and announce to the populace the beginning of their liberation: "People of the Philippines, I have returned! By the grace of Almighty God, our forces stand again on Philippine soil."
By the end of A-day, the Sixth Army had moved 1 mi (1.6 km) inland and five miles wide.
General Makino spent the day moving his command post from Tacloban, 10 mi (16 km) inland to the town of Dagami.[42] The initial fighting was won at a cost of 49 killed, 192 wounded, and six missing.[43] The Japanese counterattacked the 24th Infantry Division on Red Beach through the night, unsuccessfully.[44]
Campaign in the Leyte Valley
The Sixth Army made steady progress inland against sporadic and uncoordinated enemy resistance on Leyte in the next few days. The 1st Cavalry Division of Maj. Gen. Verne D. Mudge secured the provincial capital, Tacloban, on 21 October, and Hill 215 the next.[45] On 23 October, Gen. MacArthur presided over a ceremony to restore civil government to Leyte. 1st and 2nd Cavalry Brigades initiated a holding action to prevent a Japanese counterattack from the mountainous interior, after which the 1st Cavalry was allowed to move on. The 8th Cavalry established itself on Samar by 24 Oct, securing the San Juanico Strait.[45]
On the X Corps left, the 24th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen.
From the XXIV Corps beachhead Gen. Hodge had sent his two divisions into the southern Leyte Valley, which already contained four airfields and a large supply center. Maj. Gen.
On the left of XXIV Corps, the 7th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen.
Japanese counterattacks
With 432,000 Japanese soldiers in the Philippines, General Yamashita decided to make Leyte the main effort of the Japanese defense, and on 21 October, ordered the 35th Army to coordinate a decisive battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy.[53] The 16th Division was to be reinforced by the 30th Infantry Division from Mindanao, landing on Ormoc Bay.[54] The 102nd Infantry Division would occupy Jaro, where the 1st and 26th Infantry Divisions were concentrating.[54] Battalions from the 55th and 57th Independent Mixed Brigades were on Leyte by 25 Oct.[55]
As the Sixth Army pushed deeper into Leyte, the Japanese struck back in the air and at sea. On 24 October, some 200 enemy aircraft approached American beachheads and shipping from the north.[56] Fifty American land-based aircraft rose to intercept them, and claimed to have shot down between 66[56] and 84 of the attackers. Day and night air raids continued over the next four days,[57] damaging supply dumps ashore and threatening American shipping. But by 28 October, counterattacks by US aircraft on Japanese airfields and shipping on other islands so reduced enemy air strength that conventional air raids ceased to be a major threat. As their air strength diminished, the Japanese resorted to the deadly kamikazes,[57] a corps of suicide pilots who crashed their bomb-laden planes directly into US ships. They chose the large American transport and escort fleet that had gathered in Leyte Gulf on A-day as their first target and sank one escort carrier, the USS St. Lo, on 25 October 1944 and badly damaged many other vessels. This was the first instance of a major warship to be sunk by kamikaze attack.
A more serious danger to the US forces developed at sea. The Imperial Japanese Navy's high command decided to destroy US Navy forces supporting the Sixth Army by committing its entire remaining surface fleet to a decisive battle with the Americans. The Imperial Navy's plan was to attack in three major task groups. One, which included four aircraft carriers with few aircraft aboard, was to act as a decoy, luring the US 3rd Fleet north away from Leyte Gulf. If the decoy was successful, the other two groups, consisting primarily of heavy surface combatants, would enter the gulf from the west and attack the American transports.[citation needed]
On 23 October, the approach of the enemy surface vessels was detected. US naval units moved out to intercept, and the air and naval Battle of Leyte Gulf—the largest naval battle in the Pacific[56] and also one of the largest naval battles in history[58]—was fought from 23 to 26 October—the Japanese suffered a decisive defeat. Nonetheless, by 11 December, the Japanese had succeeded in moving more than 34,000 troops to Leyte and over 10,000 short tons (9,100 t) of materiél, most through the port of Ormoc on the west coast, despite heavy losses to reinforcement convoys, including engagements at Ormoc Bay, because of relentless air interdiction missions by US aircraft.
Advance Towards the Ormoc Valley
The Japanese reinforcement presented severe problems for both Krueger and MacArthur.[59] Instead of projected mopping up operations after clearing the east side of Leyte, the Sixth Army had to prepare for extended combat in the mountains on its western side,[60] which included landing three reserve divisions on Leyte, this pushed MacArthur's operations schedule for the Philippine campaign back and the War Department's deployment plans in the Pacific.[citation needed]
Gen. Krueger planned a giant
Battles of Breakneck and Kilay Ridges
On the 7th of November the 21 Infantry went into its first sustained combat on Leyte when it moved into the mountains along Highway 2, near
A
On the east, the 19th Infantry's 2nd Battalion, under Lt. Col. Robert B. Spragins, swung east around Hill 1525 behind the enemy right flank, cutting back to Highway 2, 3 mi (4.8 km) south of 'Breakneck Ridge', blocking the Japanese supply line.[68] On the west, Irving sent the 34th Infantry's 1st Battalion under Lt. Col. Thomas E. Clifford, over water from the Carigara area to a point 2 mi (3.2 km) west of the southward turn of Highway 2, and moved it inland. This amphibious maneuver was made in eighteen LVTs of the 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.[69] After crossing a ridge line and the Leyte River, they approached the enemy left flank at 900 ft (270 m) on Kilay Ridge, the highest terrain behind the main battle area.[70] Both battalions reached positions only about 1,000 yd (910 m) apart on opposite sides of the highway by 13 November despite strong opposition and heavy rains. The Americans were aided by the 1st Battalion, 96th Philippine Infantry, a local guide who "owned" Kilay Ridge, and Filipinos carrying supplies.[71]
It took Clifford's men two weeks of struggle through mud and rain—often dangerously close to friendly mortar and artillery fire—to root the Japanese out of fighting positions on the way up Kilay Ridge. On 2 December Clifford's battalion finally cleared the heights overlooking the road, and 32nd Division units quickly took over. Clifford's outfit suffered 26 killed, 101 wounded and two missing, in contrast to 900 Japanese dead.[72] For their arduous efforts against Kilay Ridge and adjacent areas, both flanking battalions received Presidential Unit Citations.[73] Clifford and Spragins both received the Distinguished Service Cross for their actions.[74] It was not until 14 December that the 32nd Division finally cleared the Breakneck–Kilay Ridge area, and linked up with the 1st Cavalry Division on 19 Dec, placing the most heavily defended portions of Highway 2 between Carigara Bay and the Ormoc Valley under X Corps control.[75]
Throughout this phase, American efforts had become increasingly hampered by logistical problems. Mountainous terrain and impassable roads forced Sixth Army transportation units to improvise resupply trains of Navy landing craft, tracked landing vehicles, airdrops, artillery tractors, trucks, even
Battle of Shoestring Ridge
In mid-November XXIV Corps had the 32nd Infantry Regiment, under the command of Lt. Col. John M. Finn in western Leyte, and 7th Division remnants securing Burauen, but the arrival of the 11th Airborne Division on 22 November allowed Gen. Hodge to move the rest of the 7th Division to the west.[76] On the night of 23 November the 32nd Infantry suddenly came under attack by the Japanese 26th Division along the Palanas River.[77] The regiment's 2nd Battalion was pushed back off Hill 918 to a defensive position along the highway together with their artillery base, which consisted of Batteries A and B of the 49th Field Artillery Battalion and Battery B of the USMC 11th 155mm Gun Battalion.[78] Gen. Arnold earlier had placed the 2nd Battalion, 184th Infantry, as a reserve for just such a counterattack.[78] Also, a platoon of tanks from the 767th Tank Battalion was stationed at Damulaan.[78] Battery C, 57th Field Artillery Battalion, arrived the next day.[79] That night, the night of 24 November, Japanese attacks put four 105 mm (4.1 in) pieces of Battery B out of action.[80] The 2nd Battalion, 184th Infantry was then released by Gen. Arnold to Col. Finn.[80] The defensive battle for 'Shoestring Ridge', so named to reflect the supply situation, continued until 29 November, when US troops were able to take the offensive.[81] During their failed attacks of the previous days, the Japanese under the command of Col. Saito had committed six infantry battalions.[81]
Battle of the Ridges
Gen. Arnold finally began his advance toward Ormoc with a novel tactic. On the night of 4 December, vehicles of the 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion put to sea and leapfrogged south along the Leyte coast and positioned themselves west of Balogo.[82] On 5 Dec, the tanks moved to within 200 yd (180 m) of the shore and fired into the hills in front of the advancing 17th and 184th Infantry.[83] This tactic proved effective, greatly disorganizing the defenders, except where ground troops encountered enemy pockets on reverse slopes inland, shielded from the offshore tank fire. The 7th Division pushed north with two regiments which encountered heavy enemy fire coming from Hill 918, from which the entire coast to Ormoc City could be observed. By 8 Dec, the American forces had taken Hills 918, 380 and 606, plus the surrounding ridges.[84] By 12 December, Gen. Arnold's lead battalion was less than 10 mi (16 km) south of Ormoc City.
Battle of the Airfields
While Gen. Arnold moved closer to Ormoc, on 6 December, the Japanese made a surprise attack on the Buri Airfield with the 16th, combined with 250 paratroopers of the 2nd Raiding Brigade, the Takachiho Paratroopers.[85] At the time, the 11th Airborne Division, commanded by General Joseph May Swing defended the Burauen area.[86] The Japanese aimed to recapture eastern Leyte airstrips and use them for their own planes. Descending Japanese paratroopers were "cut to shreds by the antiaircraft and field artillery units," according to one American artillery officer.[87]
Although poorly coordinated – only one battalion of the Japanese 26th Infantry Division reached the battlefield – the enemy attack yielded the seizure of some abandoned weapons which they managed to use against the Americans over the next four days.[88] The 11th Airborne Division, supported by the 149th Infantry, 38th Infantry Division, and the 382nd Infantry, 96th Infantry Division, plus hastily mustered groups of support and service troops, eventually contained the attack, and turned the tide by 9 Dec.[89] With a few American supply dumps and aircraft on the ground destroyed and construction projects delayed, the enemy attacks on the airfields failed to have any effect on the overall Leyte Campaign.[90] Gen. Suzuki ordered a retreat so he could deal with the American landing at Ormoc, but with only 200 men returning, the 16th Division ceased to exist.[91]
Fall of Ormoc
Meanwhile, on the western side of Leyte, the XXIV Corps received reinforcements on 7 December with the landing of the 77th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen.
Moving north, the 77th Division faced strong opposition at Camp Downes, a prewar Philippine constabulary post.
In its final drive, US troops killed some 1,506 enemy and took seven prisoners while sustaining 123 killed, 329 wounded and 13 missing.[97] With Ormoc City captured, the XXIV Corps and X Corps were only 16 mi (26 km) apart. In between at Cogan, the last enemy salient with its defenses anchored on a concrete blockhouse, north of Ormoc, and held by the 12th Independent Infantry Regiment, resisted the Americans for two days.[98] On 14 December, the 305th Infantry closed on the stronghold, aided by heavy artillery barrages and employing flamethrowers and armored bulldozers. Hand-to-hand combat and the inspiring leadership of Medal of Honor awardee Captain Robert B. Nett cleared the enemy from the blockhouse area, while the leading Company, E, of the 2nd Battalion, 305th Infantry moved forward through intense fire and killed several Japanese soldiers.[99]
Westward march to the coast
After breaking out of Ormoc, the 77th Division took Valencia airfield, 7 mi (11 km) north, on 18 December, and continued north to establish contact with X Corps units.
While the 77th and 32nd Divisions converged on the valley, Maj. Gen.
Gen. Bruce opened the drive on
Learning of the seizure of the last port open to the Japanese, Gen. MacArthur announced the end of organized resistance on Leyte.[104] As these sweeps continued, he transferred control of operations on Leyte and Samar to the Eighth Army on 26 December. Farther north, other US forces made faster progress against more disorganized and dispirited enemy troops. 1st Cavalry Division troops reached the coast on 28 December[105] as 24th Division units cleared the last enemy positions from the northwest corner of Leyte on the same day and two days later met patrols of the 32nd Division. But Japanese defenders continued to fight as units until 31 December, and the ensuing mop-up of stragglers continued until 8 May 1945.[citation needed]
Aftermath
The campaign for Leyte proved the first and most decisive operation in the American reconquest of the Philippines. Japanese losses in the campaign were heavy, with the army losing four divisions and several separate combat units, while the navy lost 26 major warships and 46 large transports and hundreds of merchant ships. The struggle also reduced Japanese land-based air capability in the Philippines by more than 50%. Some 250,000 troops still remained on Luzon, but the loss of air and naval support at Leyte so narrowed Gen. Yamashita's options that he now had to fight a passive defensive of Luzon,[106] the largest and most important island in the Philippines. In effect, once the decisive battle of Leyte was lost, the Japanese gave up hope of retaining the Philippines, conceding to the Allies a critical bastion from which Japan could be easily cut off from outside resources, and from which the final assaults on the Japanese home islands could be launched.[107]
1998 claims of Japanese intelligence
In 1998 it was claimed in Australia (see Royal Commission on Espionage) that Allied estimates of Japanese troop strengths including those on Leyte were given to Tokyo via the Soviet consulate in Harbin, Manchuria as Stalin wanted to delay an American victory over Japan until the Soviet Union could participate. MacArthur's G-2 Willoughby had underestimated the numbers, and the troops were reinforced. The secret "Ultra" estimates were not available to the Soviets, but were given to them by members of Australian Foreign Minister Evatt’s staff.[108]
See also
- Bataan death march
- George Benjamin, Jr.
- Richard Ira Bong
- Leonard C. Brostrom
- Elmer E. Fryar
- Leroy Johnson (Medal of Honor)
- Ova A. Kelley
- Thomas McGuire
- William A. McWhorter
- Military history of the Philippines during World War II
- Military history of the United States during World War II
- Harold H. Moon, Jr.
- Charles E. Mower
- Iliff David Richardson
- John F. Thorson
- Dirk J. Vlug
- Francis B. Wai
Notes
- ^ Royal Australian Navy vessels, and Royal Australian Air Force flying and ground units attached to US commands.
- ^ M. Hamlin Cannon lists the following battle casualties: 3,504 killed, 11,991 wounded, and 89 missing. Cannon's source material, the Sixth and Eighth Army after-action reports, provide slightly higher numbers for soldiers missing in action.[8][9][10]
- ^ Most Japanese died from starvation and disease rather than from combat causes; up to 80% of total deaths during the Philippines campaign.[12]
- ^ Sixth Army reported capturing 389 Japanese while Eighth Army captured 439. Eighth Army's After Action lists 275 captured by the Sixth Army.
- ^ Died before he could be tried for war crimes
- ^ A Japanese area army was equivalent to a Euro-American army.
- ^ Hanged for atrocities committed by men under his command
- ^ A Japanese army was equivalent to a Euro-American corps.
- ^ KIA on Cebu 19 April 1945
- ^ Committed suicide 10 August 1945
References
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 324.
- ^ "Biography of Lieutenant-General Shiro Makino". www.generals.dk.
- ^ "Japanese Paratroop Operations in WW II". www.j-aircraft.com.
- ^ "Biography of Major-General Yoshimi Adachi – (安達由巳) – (あだち よしみ) – (Adachi Yoshiki) – (安達由己) – (あだち よしき) (1883–1944), Japan". www.generals.dk.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 39.
- ^ JM-6, "Record of Philippine Operation" p. 151. Retrieved 5 May 2023
- ^ Taki, THE HISTORY OF BATTLES OF IMPERIAL JAPANESE TANKS.
- ^ Cannon, "Leyte: Return to the Philippines" p. 368. Retrieved 5 May 2023
- ^ "Report of the Commanding General, Eighth US Army, on the Leyte-Samar Operation" Inclosures 1-3. Retrieved 4 May 2023
- ^ "Report of the Leyte Operation, Sixth Army" p. 155, Annexes 3 and 4. Retrieved 4 May 2023
- ^ Toland, "The Rising Sun" p. 607
- ^ American Historical Association: Lessons from Iwo Jima Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^ Cannon pp. 367-368.
- ^ Cutler, Thomas J., The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944, Naval Institute Press, 2001, p.52
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 7.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 5.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 22.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 7–8.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 8–9.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 9.
- ^ a b c Prefer 2012, p. 10.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 10–11.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 11.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 12.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 16–17.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 1.
- ^ All information from Morison 1958 or Chun 2015 unless otherwise noted.
- ^ Chun, p. 23
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 26,37.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 34–35,39.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 35.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 26,35.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 38.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 27.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 41.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 40.
- ^ Video: Third Army blasts Nazi Strongholds, 1944/11/02 (1944). Universal Newsreel. 1944. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 47–48.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 47.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 50.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 54.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 46.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 343.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 60–63.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 75.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 99–106.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 106.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 65–69.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 80–81.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 80.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 95–96.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 96.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 64,73.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 64.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 73.
- ^ a b c Prefer 2012, p. 70.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 71.
- ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1947). The Battle for Leyte Gulf. New York: Macmillan.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 107.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 110.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 111.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 111–113.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 115.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 116.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 120–121.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 121.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 133.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 133–140.
- ^ Journal, 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 6 November 1944 to 10 November 1944
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 147.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 148–149.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 162.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 147,162.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 142,152.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 266,269.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 182.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 187–188.
- ^ a b c Prefer 2012, p. 186.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 189.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 192.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 199.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 201.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 200.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 200–205.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 226–228.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 221,229.
- ISBN 978-0743227186.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 232.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 230–231.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 233.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 232,251.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 233–234.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 234–236.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 234.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 239,360.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 239–240.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 242.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 257.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 258.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 274.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 284.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 258–264.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 289.
- ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 290.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 295.
- ^ Prefer 2012, p. 325.
- ^ https://history.army.mil/brochures/leyte/leyte.htm . Page 29. Retrieved 12 September 2021
- ISBN 9781925322187.
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from The Leyte Campaign. United States Army Center of Military History.
- Chun, Clayton (2015). Leyte 1944: Return to the Philippines. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978 1-4728-0690-1.
- Drea, Edward J. (1998). "Leyte: Unanswered Questions". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945: Volume XII of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-7858-1313-6.
- Prefer, Nathan N. (2012). Leyte, 1944: The Soldiers' Battle. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9781612001555.
- Vego, Milan N. (2006). Battle for Leyte, 1944: Allied And Japanese Plans, Preparations, And Execution. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-885-2.
- Sandler, S. (2000). World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia (Military History of the United States). Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-1883-9.
- Toll, Ian W. (2020). Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945. New York: W. W. Norton.