Battle of Mansurah (1250)
| Battle of Mansurah | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate (Lower Egypt ) | |
| Result | Ayyubid victory[1][2][3] |
- Bahris
- Shajar al-Durr
- Qutuz
- Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh †
- Baibars
- Faris ad-Din Aktai
- Louis IX
- Guillaume de Sonnac
- Alphonse de Poitiers
- Robert d'Artois †
- William II Longespée †
- Jean de Ronay †
4,600 cavalry (including Mamluks)[4]
several thousand infantry
Possibly as high as 15,000 [4]
The Battle of Mansurah was fought from 8 to 11 February 1250, between
Baibars al-Bunduqdari. It was fought in present-day Mansoura, Egypt. The Crusader force was enticed into entering the town where it was set upon by the Muslim force. The Crusaders withdrew in disorder to their encampment where they were besieged by the Muslims. The Crusaders broke-out and withdrew to Damietta
in early April.
Background
By the mid-13th century, the Crusaders became convinced that
Egypt, the heart of Islam's forces and arsenal,[7] was an obstacle to their ambition to capture Jerusalem, which they had lost for the second time in 1244. In 1245, during the First Council of Lyon, Pope Innocent IV gave his full support to the Seventh Crusade being prepared by Louis IX
, King of France.
The goals of the Seventh Crusade were to destroy the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and
Güyük, the Great Khan of the Mongols, told the Pope's envoy that the Pope and the kings of Europe should submit to the Mongols.[9]
The ships of the Seventh Crusade, led by King Louis's brothers,
, the son and heir, to ascend the throne and lead the Egyptian army.Battle
The Crusaders approached the battle by the canal of Ashmum (known today by the name Albahr Alsaghir), which separated them from the Muslim camp. An Egyptian showed the Crusaders the way to the canal shoals. The Crusaders, led by
William of Salisbury were both killed along with most of the Knights Templar. Only five Templar Knights escaped alive.[21]
The Crusaders retreated to their camp in disorder, and surrounded it with a ditch and wall.
Aftermath
Shepherds' Crusade movement occurred in France.[24]
See also
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-19-280312-2.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-336-1.
- ISBN 978-0-299-09144-6.
- ^ a b c Marshall,Christopher, Warfare in the Latin East 1192–1291 p. 149
- ^ Christopher Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291, p. 167
- ^ a b Périni,Hardy, Batailles françaises 1ère série pp. 20–25
- ^ Toynbee, p. 447.
- ^ Runciman, pp. 260–263. D. Wilkinson, Paragraph: The Mongols and the West. See also Franco-Mongol alliance.
- Franciscan emissary Giovanni da Pian del Carpine. The document is preserved in the Vatican secret archive. Archived 2007-02-02 at the Wayback MachineYou must say with a sincere heart: "We will be your subjects; we will give you our strength". You must in person come with your kings, all together, without exception, to render us service and pay us homage. Only then will we acknowledge your submission. And if you do not follow the order of God, and go against our orders, we will know you as our enemy." —Letter from Güyük to Pope Innocent IV, 1246. Lord of Joinville, pp. 249–259.
- ^ "As you know I am the ruler of the Christian nation I do know you are the ruler of the Muhammadan nation. The people of Andalusia give me money and gifts while we drive them like cattle. We kill their men and we make their women widows. We take the boys and the girls as prisoners and we make houses empty. I have told you enough and I have advised you to the end, so now if you make the strongest oath to me and if you go to Christian priests and monks and if you carry kindles before my eyes as a sign of obeying the cross, all these will not persuade me from reaching you and killing you at your dearest spot on earth. If the land will be mine then it is a gift to me. If the land will be yours and you defeat me then you will have the upper hand. I have told you and I have warned you about my soldiers who obey me. They can fill open fields and mountains, their number like pebbles. They will be sent to you with swords of destruction." Letter from Louis IX to as-Salih Ayyub - (Al-Maqrizi, p. 436/vol. 1).
- ^ Ashmum-Tanah, now town of Dakahlia - Al-Maqrizi, note p. 434/vol. 1.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 438/vol. 1.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 446/vol. 1, p. 456/vol. 1.
- ^ Ibn Taghri, pp. 102-273/ vol. 6.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 447/vol. 1.
- ^ Gideila and al-Mansurah on map.
- Battle of La Forbie.
- ^ Qasim, p. 18
- ^ Lord of Joinville, 110, part II.
- ^ Asly, p. 49.
Skip Knox, Egyptian Counter-attack, The Seventh Crusade. - ^ According to Matthew Paris, only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one ‘contemptible person’ escaped. Matthew Paris, Louis IX`s Crusade, p. 14/ Vol. 5.
- ^ Lord of Joinville, 170, part II.
- bishop of Marseilleand certain Templars spread the rumour that Cairo and Babylon have been captured and the fleeing Saracens have left Alexandria undefended. - Matthew Paris, note. p. 118 / Vol. 5. Louis IX`s Crusade 1250
- ^ Matthæi Parisiensis, pp. 246–253.
References
- The Concise History of Humanity
- Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. In English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
- Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175-X. In French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895
- Asly, B., al-Muzafar Qutuz, Dar An-Nafaes Publishing, Beirut 2002, ISBN 9953-18-051-2
- Bournoutian, George A., A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present, Mazda Publishers, 2002
- David Wilkinson, Studying the History of Intercivilizational Dialogues, presented to United Nation University, Tokyo/Kyoto 2001
- Dawson, Christopher, The Mongol Mission, London: Sheed and Ward, 1955
- Hassan. O, Al-Zahir Baibars, Dar al-Amal 1997
- Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
- Michaud, Yahia (Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies) Ibn Taymiyya, Textes Spirituels I–XVI 2002
- Qasim, Abdu Qasim Dr., Asr Salatin Al-Mamlik (Era of the Mamluk Sultans), Eye for human and social studies, Cairo, 2007
- Rachewitz, I, Papal envoys to the Great khans, London: Faber and Faber, 1971
- Runciman, Steven A history of the Crusades 3. Penguin Books, 1987
- Sadawi. H, Al-Mamalik, Maroof Ikhwan, Alexandria.
- ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
- Skip Knox, Dr. E.L., The Crusades, Seventh Crusade, A college course on the Crusades, 1999
- Shayal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-isalamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, ISBN 977-02-5975-6
- The chronicles of Matthew Paris (Matthew Paris: Chronica Majora) translated by Helen Nicholson, 1989
- Matthæi Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica majora by Matthew Paris, Roger, Henry Richards, Longman & co. 1880.
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H. H. Berton Publisher, 1973–74
- The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, translated by Ethel Wedgwood, 1906
- Toynbee, Arnold J., Mankind and mother earth, Oxford University Press, 1976
External links
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